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MCAT Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the tropic hormones? | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH |
| What are the direct hormones? | Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin does what? | Increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys |
| What does Oxytocin do? | Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown |
| What do Endorphins do? | Decrease the perception of pain |
| The posterior pituitary receives and stores what hormones? | ADH and oxytocin |
| ADH is secreted when? | In response to low blood volume |
| Increased levels of T4 and T3 lead to what? | Increase cellular respiration, increasing protein and fatty acid turnover by speeding up both synthesis |
| What does Calcitonin do? | Decrease plasma calcium levels |
| What are the water soluble vitamins? | B and C |
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? | A, K, E, D |
| When is glucagon secreted? | During fasting |
| Glucagon triggers what? | Glycogenesis, gluconeogensis, and degradation of protein and fat |
| What are the three islets in the pancrease? | Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells |
| Alpha islet cells produce what? | Glucagon |
| Beta islets cells produce what? | Insulin |
| Delta islet cells produce what? | Somatostatin |
| What do Somatostatins do? | Inhibit both insulin and glucagon secretion |
| The pineal glad secretes what? | Melatonin |
| Erythropoietin are secreted where? | Kidneys |
| Which cells type is a phagocyte that attacks bacterial pathogens in the bloodstream? | Neutrophils |
| Which cell type is involved in allergic responses and are the least populate WBC? | Basophils |
| Which cell type id involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections containing large amounts of histamine? | Eosinophils |
| B-cell mature where? | Bone Marrow |
| T-cells mature where? | Thymus |
| Loss in Helper T-cells (CD4+) occurs in patients with what? | HIV |
| What does Trypsin do? | Hydrolyzes specifc peptide bonds; converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin |
| What does Maltase do? | Hydrolyzes maltose to 2 glucose molecules |
| What does Sucrase do? | Hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose |
| What does Bile do? | Emulsify fat |
| What does Lipase do? | Hydrolyze lipids |
| What does Enteropeptidase do? | Convert trypsinogen to trypsin and procarboxypeptidase A and B to carboxypeptidase A and B |
| What does Pepsin do? | Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; activated by HCl |
| What are the segments to the small intestine? | Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum |
| What are the major waste products excreted in the urine? | H+ ions, Urea, NH3+, and Potassium (K) |
| What gets reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tube? | Water-soluble vitamins, glucose, amino acids, majority of salts, and water |
| What does aldosterone do? | Promote sodium reabsorption which in turn increases blood pressure |
| When and where is aldosterone secreted? | When blood pressure is low and from the adrenal cortex |
| Renin cleaves what to form what? | Cleaves Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensinogen I |
| Juxtaglomerular cells secrete what in response to low blood pressure | Renin |
| Does aldosterone change blood osmolarity? | No |
| In the nephron glucose is reabsorbed where? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Langerhan cells reside where? | Stratum Spinosum |
| The papillary layer consist of what? | Loose connective tissue |
| What passes through the Bowman's capsule? | Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins |
| What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle do? | Reabsorb water using the medulla concentration gradient |
| What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do? | Reabsorbs salt and dilutes urine in the diluting segment |
| What does the distal convoluted tubule do? | Reabsorbs salt and secrete potassium, hydrogen ions, ammonia, and urea |
| What does the collecting duct do? | Determining urine concentration by reabsorbing water depending on the body's need |
| What are the processes of the kidney? | Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption |
| What hormones are found in the Anterior Pituitary | FSH, LSH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone |
| What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do? | Increase blood calcium levels |
| What hormone does the heart secrete and what's it's function? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). It's function is to promote salt and water excretion |
| What does Thymosin do? | Stimulate T-cell development |
| What does insulin do? | Lower blood glucose levels |
| Granulocytes include what? | Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils |
| In the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium binds to what? | Troponin |
| What muscle type is multi-nucleated? | Skeletal muscle |
| What defines the boundaries of the sarcomere? | Z-lines |
| I-bands contain what? | Thin filaments |
| H-zone contains what? | Thick filaments |
| A-bands contains what? | All filaments |
| What is the periosteum? | A fibrous sheath surrounding long bones |
| What's a point shift mutation? | Substituting of one nucleotide for another |
| What's a frameshift mutation? | Moving the 3-letter transcriptional reading frame |
| What is a silent mutation? | No effect on the protein |
| What is a missense mutation? | Substitution of one amino acid for another |
| What is a nonsense mutation? | Substitution of. a stop codon for an amino acid *UGA, UAA, UAG |
| Resting membrane potential is at what? | -70mV |
| What is depolarization? | Raising the membrane potential Vm from its resting potential |
| What is hyperpolarization? | Decreasing the membrane potential Vm from its resting potential |
| Na+/K+ ATPase | 2 potassiums in 3 sodiums out |
| What is the range of the excitatory input to be depolarized to the threshold? | -55 to -40 mV |
| `When Vm approaches +34mV the sodium channels are what? | Inactivated |
| What are the characteristics of mitochondrial DNA? | Circular and self replicating |
| Connective tissues produce and secrete what to produce the extracellular matrix? | Collagen and elastin |
| Microtubules are hollow polymers of what proteins? | Tubulins |
| What is conjugation? | Bacterial form of mating |
| What is transformation? | Integrating foreign genetic material into the host genome |
| What is transduction? | Genetic recombination requiring a vector |
| What's a vector? | A virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another |
| What's a transposons? | Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome |
| What's a positive sense? | The RNA of the virus can be directly translated by the host ribosomes |
| What's a negative sense? | The RNA of the virus can't be directly translated so it must be converted into a positive sense RNA |
| Negative sense RNA viruses must carry what? | RNA replicase to ensure the complementary strand is synthesized |
| Gram positive turns what color? | Purple |
| Gram negative turns what color? | Pink-red |
| What is the bacterial growth cycle? | Lag phase--> Exponential (log) phase--> Stationary phase--> Death phase |
| Retroviruses contain what type of strand of RNA? | Single-strand |
| What can the genome of a virus look like? | Single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA, or single stranded RNA |
| Microtubules are organized in what pattern? | 9+2 |
| Sequence of mature sperm cell | Spermatogonium--> 1 spermatocyte--> 2 spermatocyte--> spermatid--> spermatozoan |
| During ovulation the oocyte is released into what? | Abdominal cavity |
| During which phase of the menstrual cycle does progesterone concentrations peak? | Luteal phase |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) do? | Releases FSH and LH |
| What are the phases of the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur? | Follicular phase--> Ovulation--> Luteal phase--> Menstruation |
| What happens during the follicular phase? | GnRH is secreted stimulating FSH and LH secretion promoting follicle development. Estrogen is released stimulating vascularization and glandularization of decidua |
| What happens during ovulation? | Surge of LH triggered when estrogen reaches it's threshold switching to positive feedback |
| What happens during the luteal phase | The ruptured follice becomes the corpus luteum secreting progesterone maintaining the uterine lining. High levels of estrogen and progesterone |
| What happens during menstruation if not fertilized? | Estrogen an progesterone levels drop and the endometrial lining is sloughed off |
| What happens during menstruation if fertilized? | Blastula produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG) maintaining the corpus luteum |
| The epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal cavity, as well as the nervous system forms from what embryonic layer? | Ectoderm |
| Musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory, digestive, respiratory, and adrenal cortex comes from what embryonic layer? | Mesoderm |
| Parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts come from what embryonic layer? | Endoderm |
| What are the 3 shunts in a fetus? | Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus |
| Foramen ovale connects to what? | Right atrium to left atrium bypassing the lungs |
| Ductus arteriosus connects to what? | Pulmonary artery to aorta bypassing the lungs |
| Ductus venosus connects to what? | The umbilical cord to the inferior vena cava bypassing liver |
| What happens during the first trimester? | Organogenesis |
| What happens during the second trimester? | Tremendous growth, movement begins, face becomes human looking, and digits elongate |
| What happens during the third trimester? | Rapid growth and brain development as well as the transfer of antibodies to the fetus |
| Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent cells? | Totipotent=Gives rise to all cell types Pluripotent= Gives rise to all 3 germ layers Multipotent= Give rise to specific cell types |
| Afferent v. Efferent neurons? | Afferent= Signals from the sensory receptors to the brain Efferent= Signals from the brain to the sensory receptors |
| Myelin is created by? | Oligodendrocytes in the CNS Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system |
| Is a neuron able to fire another action potential during the absolute refractory period | |
| What happens to the sodium and potassium channels during the peak of an action potential? | Sodium channels are inactive and potassium channels are open |
| White v grey matter? | White= Consist of myelinated axons Grey= Consist of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites |
| Excitatory cells cause what in the neuron? | Depolarization |
| Inhibitory cells cause what in the neuron? | Hyper-polarization |
| At the peak of an action potential what is the voltage? | +35mV |
| What are these examples of cAMP, calcium, and inositol | Secondary messengers |
| Where does ACE come from and what does it do? | Comes from the lungs and it converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2 |
| What are the functions of Angiotensin 2? | Vasoconstrict bloof vessels to raise blood pressure Secrete Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) |
| The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids. These are steroid hormones which can be divided into what 3 clases? | Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones |
| There are 2 glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone what do they do? | Raise blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis |
| Glucocorticoids release is under the control of what? | ACTH |
| What is the most noteworthy minarlocorticoids? | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone is under the control of what? | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| What are the two hormones of the cortical sex hormones? | Androgen and estrogen |
| What type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine? | Amino acid derivative hormones in one larger class of molecules called catecholamines |
| Type 1 v Type 2 diabetes | 1= Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas 2= Receptor level resistance to the effect of insulin |
| What is total lung capacity | Maximum volume of air in the lungs 6-7 Liters |
| What is residual volume | The volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely |
| What is vital capacity | Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air (total lung- residual) |
| What is tidal volume | The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath |
| Expiratory v inspiratory reserve volume | Expiratory= Additional air that can forcibly exhaled Inspiratory= Forcibly inhaled |
| When blood pH decreases respiration increase what type of shift does this cause in the buffer equation | To the left reducing hydrogen ion |
| When blood pH increase respiration decreases what type of shift does this cause in the buffer equation | To the right increasing hydrogen ion |
| Solving cardiac output | CO=HR x SV |
| Universal recipient | AB+ |
| Universal donor | O- |
| Does fetal hemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen? | Higher (left shift curve) |
| Exercise shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociated curve in what direction? | The right |
| What valve prevents backflow in the right atrium? | Tricuspid |
| What valve prevents backflow in the left atrium? | Mitral (bicuspid) |
| What valve prevent backflow in the left ventricle? | Aortic valve |
| What valve prevent backflow in the right ventricle? | Pulmonary valve |
| What is albumin? | A protein that keeps intravascular fluids inside vessels and prevents their leakage |
| Where is albumin synthesized? | The liver |
| Oncotic v Hydrostatic pressure? | Oncotic= pulls water back into the bloodstream from surrounding tissues. Hydrostatic= pressure pushes water out of the vessels and into the interstitial space between cells |
| Losing albumin does what? | Decreases oncotic pressure |
| Pathway of electrical conduction | SA node--> AV node--> Bundle of His--> Purkinje Fibers |
| Where is the SA node? | Wall of the right atrium |
| Where is the AV node? | Between the artia an ventricle |
| Where is the bundle of his? | Down the interventricular septum |
| Where are the Purkinje fibers? | In the ventricular muscles |
| MHC 1 v MHC 2 | 1= Present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to CD8+ (cytotoxic T-cells) 2= Present in professional antigen-presenting cells and displays exogenous antigen to CD4+ Helper T-cells |
| What is humoral immunity? | Produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells |
| What is cell-mediated immunity? | Does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells, macrophages and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen |
| Active v Passive immunity | Active= refers to the process of exposing the individual to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response Passive= transfer of antibodies from one individual to another |
| Epiphysis v Diaphysis | Epiphysis= Head Diaphysis= Shaft |
| Osteoblast v Osteoclast | Osteoblast= create new bone Osteoclast= break down old bone |
| What part of the bone is associated with growth? | The epiphyseal plate which is filled with mitotic cells |
| Purpose of synovial fluid | Lubricates the joint space |
| Purpose of synovial capsule | Encloses the actual joint cavity |
Created by:
walker89