Bio 160- Dr. Gober Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What is the first phase of an action potential called?	depolarization
Which of the below cells can be thought of as a bridge and found between neurons and blood vessels in the central nervous system?	astrocytes
What part of the neuron cell body does an axon originate from (come from)?	axon hillock
Name the chemical that is used to aid the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another.	neurotransmitter
Information that is transmitted in the form of electrical changes along a nerve is called what?	nerve impulse
The supporting cells of the central nervous system are called what?	neuroglia cells
Which one of the following is not a type of neuron?	oligodendrocyte
The cytoplasm and nucliei of Schwann cells is called what?	neurilemma
What is the name of the structural and function unit of communication between two neurons?	synapse
The part of the nervous system that is under voluntary or conscious control is part of the nervous system?	somatic
What is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system?	neuron
What is the name of the chemical that a Schwann cell synthesizes?	myelin
What is the name of the cell that releases the neurotransmitter?	presynaptic neuron
What part of a neuron receives information as electrochemical mesages?	dendrite
What part of a neuron is resposible for sending information?	Axon
What are the major portions of the brain?	Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are divisions of the	peripheral nervous system
A relfex is?	An automatic change inside or outside of the body
Where is cerebral spinal fluid located?	between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
What are responses to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system?	increased heart rate and increased blood glucose concentration
Where does the spinal cord end?	between L 1 and L2
Which lobes of the brain are responsible for the sense of hearing?	temporal lobes
A nerve is defined as	a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue
The parietal lobe is responsible for the sensation of what?	pain
Damage to the cerebellum will result in a loss of what?	muscle tone and equilibrium
Complex problem solving occurs in the	frontal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger, and pleasure?	limbic system
The corpus callosum connects	the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
The control of voluntary muscles is accomplished by the	frontal lobe
The diencephalon is made up of the	hypothalamus and thalamus
Information transmitted in the form of electrical and chemcial changes	nerve impluse
extension of neuron cell body	nerve fiber
receives information as electochemical messages	dendrite
Axon	sends information
What are the three general functions of the peripheral nervous system?	Sensory, integrative, motor
The motor functions of the nervous system that are consciously controlled are part of what nervous system?	Somatic
The supporting cells of the central nervous system are what?	neuroglical cells
The structures that are primarily responsible for the "blood-brain" barrier are the capollaries of the brain and the glial cells known as what?	astrocytes
What are the common features of all neurons?	Cell body, dendrites, axon
The cells of the central nervous system that divide throughout life are the what?	neurgolical cells
Axon arise form a part of the cell body known as the ?	axonal hillhock
The neurilemma is composed of what?	the cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells
Neurons may be classified functionally as what?	Mutlipolar, biopolar and unipolar cells
This concentration is this ion is relatively greater on th eoutside of the cell membrane when the nerve cell is at rest?	sodium
When the treshold potential is reached, the region of the cell membrane being stimulated undergoes a change in what?	permability
The rapid sequence of depolarization in the nerve cell is known as the what?	action potential
Nerves with ______ diameters conduct impulses faster than those with _____diameters.	Larger- smaller
The junction between two commuicating neurons is called what?	synapse
Transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is controlled by substances called what?	neurotransmitter
Neutransmitters can either inhibit or excite nerve transmission?	true
A bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue is a ?	nerve
An automatic, unconscious response to a change inside or outside the body is ?	a reflex
The outer membranne covering the brain is composed of fibrous connective tissues and is called the?	dura mater
What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger, and pleasure?	limbic system
The corpus callosum connects	the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
The control of voluntary muscles is accomplished by the	frontal lobe
The diencephalon is made up of the	hypothalamus and thalamus
Information transmitted in the form of electrical and chemcial changes	nerve impluse
extension of neuron cell body	nerve fiber
receives information as electochemical messages	dendrite
Axon	sends information
What are the three general functions of the peripheral nervous system?	Sensory, integrative, motor
The motor functions of the nervous system that are consciously controlled are part of what nervous system?	Somatic
The supporting cells of the central nervous system are what?	neuroglical cells
The structures that are primarily responsible for the "blood-brain" barrier are the capollaries of the brain and the glial cells known as what?	astrocytes
What are the common features of all neurons?	Cell body, dendrites, axon
The cells of the central nervous system that divide throughout life are the what?	neurgolical cells
Axon arise form a part of the cell body known as the ?	axonal hillhock
The neurilemma is composed of what?	the cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells
Neurons may be classified functionally as what?	Mutlipolar, biopolar and unipolar cells
This concentration is this ion is relatively greater on th eoutside of the cell membrane when the nerve cell is at rest?	sodium
When the treshold potential is reached, the region of the cell membrane being stimulated undergoes a change in what?	permability
The rapid sequence of depolarization in the nerve cell is known as the what?	action potential
Nerves with ______ diameters conduct impulses faster than those with _____diameters.	Larger- smaller
The junction between two commuicating neurons is called what?	synapse
Transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is controlled by substances called what?	neurotransmitter
Neutransmitters can either inhibit or excite nerve transmission?	true
A bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue is a ?	nerve
An automatic, unconscious response to a change inside or outside the body is ?	a reflex
The outer membranne covering the brain is composed of fibrous connective tissues and is called the?	dura mater
The white matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers and makes up nerve pathways called tracts?	true
The hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by nerve fibers called the what?	corpus callsosum
hearing is in what area of the brain?	temporal lobes
vision is in what area of the brain?	occipital lobes
recognition of printed work is in what area of the brain?	temporal lobes
control of voluntary muscles is in what area of the brain?	frontal lobes
pain is in what area of the brain?	parietal lobes
complex probelm solving is in what area of the brain?	frontal lobes
Whch hemisphere of the brain is dominant for most of the population?	left
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ?	choroid plexuses
The thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of the brain located in the ?	diencephalon
What system produces emotional reactions of fear, anger and pleasure?	limbic system
Consciousness is dependent upon stimulation of the ?
Tremors, loss of muscle tone, gait disturance, and a loss of equilibrium may be due to damage to the what?	cerebellum
What are the two division of the nervous system?	somatic and autonomic nervous system
There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves: all but one of htese arise from the ____	12; brainstem
Vision and function of the eyes and assoicated structures are controlled by cranial nerves ____ through ____	II ; VI
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?	31
The part of the nervous system that functions without conscious control is the ??	autonomic nervous system
Nerves of the sympathetic division leave the spinal cord with spinal nerves in the ____ and _____	thoracic; lumbar
What are the repsonses to stimualtion by the sympathetic nervous system?	increased heart rate and increased blood glucose concentration
What are responses to the stimualtion of the parasympathetic nervous system?	contraction of the gallbladder and conctraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder
What are the two functional types of nerve fibers?	sensory and afferent
What is a mixed nerve?	nerves that include both motor & sensory fibers
What are the five parts of a reflex arc?	Receptor, sensory neuron, inter neuron, motor nueron and effector
What are meninges?	layered membrane that lie between the bony coverings and soft tissues of the CNS protecting the brain and spinal cord
What are the three layers of the meninges?	Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pai mater
Ascending tract	carries snesory info to the brain
descending tract	conducts motor impulses from the brian to muscles and glands
What are the four major regions of the brain?	cerembrum, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum
What is the function of the basal nuclei?	serves as a relay station for motor impulses, modifies the pattern of these motor impulses and helps control various skeletal muscle activies
What inhibitory neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei?	dopamine
What diseases result from altered activity of the basal nuslei neurons?	Parkinson and Huntington dieases
How many vetricles of the brain are there?	four
What connects the lateral and third ventricles?	intervenicular foramen
What a re the two main regions of the diencephalon?	Thalamus and Hypothalamus
What is the name of the central relay station for sensory umpulses ascending form the spinal cord on their way to the cerebral cortex?	thalamus
name seven functions that the hypothalmaus helps to regulate.	heart rate & arterial pressure, body temp. water & electrolyte balance, control hunger & body weight, controls movements & glandular secretions of the stomachs intestines, produce neurosecretory substances that stimualte the pituitary gland,sleep & wake
What are the three structural parts of the brain stem?	Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What are the three visceral centers of the medulla oblongata and what do they control?	cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center; they control vital visceral activities
What is the function of the reticular formation?	filters incoming snesory impulses arousing the cerebral cortex into wakefullness when signifant impulses arrive
Name the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating complex skeletal muscle movements and posture and know its location.	cerebellum- below the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum
Name the two orgins of the periperal nervous system and their corresponding two general names of nerves.	cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What are the two functional subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system, and what do they control?	somatic= oversees consicous activities and autonomic= unconsicous activities
What part of the nervous system functions independently and continuously without consicous effort?	autonomic
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?	Sympatheic and parasymatheic
What division is responsible for the fight-for-flight response?	sympatheic
What division is responsible for the rest-and-reposed response?	parasymatheic
How many neurons are required to sned motot signals form the spinal cord to a somatic effector such as a skeletal muslce?	1 (somatic= 1)
How many neurons are required to send motor signals from the spinal cord to a visceral effector such as a gland, cardiac muscle or smooth muscle?	2 (autonomic = 2)
What is the first (proximal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called?	preganglionic
What is the second (distal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called?	postganglionic
What is the neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons?	acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter used by most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?	norepinephrine
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?	increased heart rate
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?	decreased heart rate
Name two types of cells that make up the nervous system:	nuerons and neuroglical cells
What are the two structural divisions of the central nervous system?	brain and spinal cord and cranial & spinal nerves
What are the four types of nueroglial cells in the central nervous system?	Microglical, oligodrndrpcytes, atrocytes and ependymal
What is the function of Microglical cells?	support nuerons & phagocytize bacterial cells and celluar derbis
What is the function of oligodrndrpcytes cells?	provide insulating layers of myelin
What is the function of atrocytes cells?	form scar tissue that fills space following and injury to the CNS
What is the function of ependymal cells?	forms an epithelica like membrane that covers specialized brain parts and forms inner linings that enclose spaces within the brain and spinal cord
What is the name of the neuroglical cell of the peripheral nervous system?	schwann cells
What is the function of schwann cells?	forms myelin sheath
Define grey matter.	unmelinated axons and nueron cell bodies form gray matter in the CNS
Define white matter.	group of myelinated axons that appear white
Node of ranvier is?	narrow gaps between schwann cells
Sensory neurons:	carry nerve impulses from periphal body parts into the brain
Inerneurons:	transmitt impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another
motor neurons:	carry nerve impulses out of the brain
What is a synapse?	Junction between any two communicating neurons
How is information transmitted within a neuron?	electrially
How is information transmitted between neuron cells?	chemically
What is a neurotransmitter?	synaptic transmission which is a one way process carried out by biochemicals
Name the neuron that relases the neurotransmitter.	presnaptic neuron
Name the organelle that stores neurotransmitter.	synaptic vesicles
Name the neuron that senses the released neurotransmitter.	post synaptic cells
What does the postsynaptic neuron have that allows it to sense a neorutransmitter?	receptors
In an unstimulated or resting cell, what two ions are most importnt in determining the volatge or potential across a cell membrane?	sodium and potassium
Na+ =	depolarized
K+ =	repolarized
What is the typical resting mebrane potenial?	-70mv
What are the two main phases of an action potential and which one always comes furst?	Depolarization (start) and repolarization (end)
The movement of what ion is responsible for depolarization and which way does it move?	sodium; moves inward
The movement of what ion is responsible for repolarization and which way does it move?	potassuim; diffused outward
What is the self sustaining action potential moving down an axon called?	bioelectric (local)
What is the relative speed of impulse conduction in a myelinated axon, compared to an unmyelinated axon?	myelinated= 120 meter per second; unmyelinated= 0.50 meter per second
What is the term used to describe the mechanism of the impulse conduction in a myelinated axon?	all-or-none-response
Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and cause depolarization are called?	sodium
Neurotransmitters that open K+ channels and cause repolarization or hyperpolarization are called?	potassium

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