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Bio 160- Dr. Gober
Ch. 9 Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first phase of an action potential called? | depolarization |
| Which of the below cells can be thought of as a bridge and found between neurons and blood vessels in the central nervous system? | astrocytes |
| What part of the neuron cell body does an axon originate from (come from)? | axon hillock |
| Name the chemical that is used to aid the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another. | neurotransmitter |
| Information that is transmitted in the form of electrical changes along a nerve is called what? | nerve impulse |
| The supporting cells of the central nervous system are called what? | neuroglia cells |
| Which one of the following is not a type of neuron? | oligodendrocyte |
| The cytoplasm and nucliei of Schwann cells is called what? | neurilemma |
| What is the name of the structural and function unit of communication between two neurons? | synapse |
| The part of the nervous system that is under voluntary or conscious control is part of the nervous system? | somatic |
| What is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system? | neuron |
| What is the name of the chemical that a Schwann cell synthesizes? | myelin |
| What is the name of the cell that releases the neurotransmitter? | presynaptic neuron |
| What part of a neuron receives information as electrochemical mesages? | dendrite |
| What part of a neuron is resposible for sending information? | Axon |
| What are the major portions of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem |
| The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are divisions of the | peripheral nervous system |
| A relfex is? | An automatic change inside or outside of the body |
| Where is cerebral spinal fluid located? | between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater |
| What are responses to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system? | increased heart rate and increased blood glucose concentration |
| Where does the spinal cord end? | between L 1 and L2 |
| Which lobes of the brain are responsible for the sense of hearing? | temporal lobes |
| A nerve is defined as | a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue |
| The parietal lobe is responsible for the sensation of what? | pain |
| Damage to the cerebellum will result in a loss of what? | muscle tone and equilibrium |
| Complex problem solving occurs in the | frontal lobe |
| What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger, and pleasure? | limbic system |
| The corpus callosum connects | the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| The control of voluntary muscles is accomplished by the | frontal lobe |
| The diencephalon is made up of the | hypothalamus and thalamus |
| Information transmitted in the form of electrical and chemcial changes | nerve impluse |
| extension of neuron cell body | nerve fiber |
| receives information as electochemical messages | dendrite |
| Axon | sends information |
| What are the three general functions of the peripheral nervous system? | Sensory, integrative, motor |
| The motor functions of the nervous system that are consciously controlled are part of what nervous system? | Somatic |
| The supporting cells of the central nervous system are what? | neuroglical cells |
| The structures that are primarily responsible for the "blood-brain" barrier are the capollaries of the brain and the glial cells known as what? | astrocytes |
| What are the common features of all neurons? | Cell body, dendrites, axon |
| The cells of the central nervous system that divide throughout life are the what? | neurgolical cells |
| Axon arise form a part of the cell body known as the ? | axonal hillhock |
| The neurilemma is composed of what? | the cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells |
| Neurons may be classified functionally as what? | Mutlipolar, biopolar and unipolar cells |
| This concentration is this ion is relatively greater on th eoutside of the cell membrane when the nerve cell is at rest? | sodium |
| When the treshold potential is reached, the region of the cell membrane being stimulated undergoes a change in what? | permability |
| The rapid sequence of depolarization in the nerve cell is known as the what? | action potential |
| Nerves with ______ diameters conduct impulses faster than those with _____diameters. | Larger- smaller |
| The junction between two commuicating neurons is called what? | synapse |
| Transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is controlled by substances called what? | neurotransmitter |
| Neutransmitters can either inhibit or excite nerve transmission? | true |
| A bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue is a ? | nerve |
| An automatic, unconscious response to a change inside or outside the body is ? | a reflex |
| The outer membranne covering the brain is composed of fibrous connective tissues and is called the? | dura mater |
| What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger, and pleasure? | limbic system |
| The corpus callosum connects | the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| The control of voluntary muscles is accomplished by the | frontal lobe |
| The diencephalon is made up of the | hypothalamus and thalamus |
| Information transmitted in the form of electrical and chemcial changes | nerve impluse |
| extension of neuron cell body | nerve fiber |
| receives information as electochemical messages | dendrite |
| Axon | sends information |
| What are the three general functions of the peripheral nervous system? | Sensory, integrative, motor |
| The motor functions of the nervous system that are consciously controlled are part of what nervous system? | Somatic |
| The supporting cells of the central nervous system are what? | neuroglical cells |
| The structures that are primarily responsible for the "blood-brain" barrier are the capollaries of the brain and the glial cells known as what? | astrocytes |
| What are the common features of all neurons? | Cell body, dendrites, axon |
| The cells of the central nervous system that divide throughout life are the what? | neurgolical cells |
| Axon arise form a part of the cell body known as the ? | axonal hillhock |
| The neurilemma is composed of what? | the cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells |
| Neurons may be classified functionally as what? | Mutlipolar, biopolar and unipolar cells |
| This concentration is this ion is relatively greater on th eoutside of the cell membrane when the nerve cell is at rest? | sodium |
| When the treshold potential is reached, the region of the cell membrane being stimulated undergoes a change in what? | permability |
| The rapid sequence of depolarization in the nerve cell is known as the what? | action potential |
| Nerves with ______ diameters conduct impulses faster than those with _____diameters. | Larger- smaller |
| The junction between two commuicating neurons is called what? | synapse |
| Transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is controlled by substances called what? | neurotransmitter |
| Neutransmitters can either inhibit or excite nerve transmission? | true |
| A bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue is a ? | nerve |
| An automatic, unconscious response to a change inside or outside the body is ? | a reflex |
| The outer membranne covering the brain is composed of fibrous connective tissues and is called the? | dura mater |
| The white matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers and makes up nerve pathways called tracts? | true |
| The hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by nerve fibers called the what? | corpus callsosum |
| hearing is in what area of the brain? | temporal lobes |
| vision is in what area of the brain? | occipital lobes |
| recognition of printed work is in what area of the brain? | temporal lobes |
| control of voluntary muscles is in what area of the brain? | frontal lobes |
| pain is in what area of the brain? | parietal lobes |
| complex probelm solving is in what area of the brain? | frontal lobes |
| Whch hemisphere of the brain is dominant for most of the population? | left |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ? | choroid plexuses |
| The thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of the brain located in the ? | diencephalon |
| What system produces emotional reactions of fear, anger and pleasure? | limbic system |
| Consciousness is dependent upon stimulation of the ? | |
| Tremors, loss of muscle tone, gait disturance, and a loss of equilibrium may be due to damage to the what? | cerebellum |
| What are the two division of the nervous system? | somatic and autonomic nervous system |
| There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves: all but one of htese arise from the ____ | 12; brainstem |
| Vision and function of the eyes and assoicated structures are controlled by cranial nerves ____ through ____ | II ; VI |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| The part of the nervous system that functions without conscious control is the ?? | autonomic nervous system |
| Nerves of the sympathetic division leave the spinal cord with spinal nerves in the ____ and _____ | thoracic; lumbar |
| What are the repsonses to stimualtion by the sympathetic nervous system? | increased heart rate and increased blood glucose concentration |
| What are responses to the stimualtion of the parasympathetic nervous system? | contraction of the gallbladder and conctraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder |
| What are the two functional types of nerve fibers? | sensory and afferent |
| What is a mixed nerve? | nerves that include both motor & sensory fibers |
| What are the five parts of a reflex arc? | Receptor, sensory neuron, inter neuron, motor nueron and effector |
| What are meninges? | layered membrane that lie between the bony coverings and soft tissues of the CNS protecting the brain and spinal cord |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pai mater |
| Ascending tract | carries snesory info to the brain |
| descending tract | conducts motor impulses from the brian to muscles and glands |
| What are the four major regions of the brain? | cerembrum, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum |
| What is the function of the basal nuclei? | serves as a relay station for motor impulses, modifies the pattern of these motor impulses and helps control various skeletal muscle activies |
| What inhibitory neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei? | dopamine |
| What diseases result from altered activity of the basal nuslei neurons? | Parkinson and Huntington dieases |
| How many vetricles of the brain are there? | four |
| What connects the lateral and third ventricles? | intervenicular foramen |
| What a re the two main regions of the diencephalon? | Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
| What is the name of the central relay station for sensory umpulses ascending form the spinal cord on their way to the cerebral cortex? | thalamus |
| name seven functions that the hypothalmaus helps to regulate. | heart rate & arterial pressure, body temp. water & electrolyte balance, control hunger & body weight, controls movements & glandular secretions of the stomachs intestines, produce neurosecretory substances that stimualte the pituitary gland,sleep & wake |
| What are the three structural parts of the brain stem? | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| What are the three visceral centers of the medulla oblongata and what do they control? | cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center; they control vital visceral activities |
| What is the function of the reticular formation? | filters incoming snesory impulses arousing the cerebral cortex into wakefullness when signifant impulses arrive |
| Name the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating complex skeletal muscle movements and posture and know its location. | cerebellum- below the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum |
| Name the two orgins of the periperal nervous system and their corresponding two general names of nerves. | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| What are the two functional subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system, and what do they control? | somatic= oversees consicous activities and autonomic= unconsicous activities |
| What part of the nervous system functions independently and continuously without consicous effort? | autonomic |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympatheic and parasymatheic |
| What division is responsible for the fight-for-flight response? | sympatheic |
| What division is responsible for the rest-and-reposed response? | parasymatheic |
| How many neurons are required to sned motot signals form the spinal cord to a somatic effector such as a skeletal muslce? | 1 (somatic= 1) |
| How many neurons are required to send motor signals from the spinal cord to a visceral effector such as a gland, cardiac muscle or smooth muscle? | 2 (autonomic = 2) |
| What is the first (proximal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called? | preganglionic |
| What is the second (distal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called? | postganglionic |
| What is the neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons? | acetylcholine |
| What is the neurotransmitter used by most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? | norepinephrine |
| What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart? | increased heart rate |
| What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart? | decreased heart rate |
| Name two types of cells that make up the nervous system: | nuerons and neuroglical cells |
| What are the two structural divisions of the central nervous system? | brain and spinal cord and cranial & spinal nerves |
| What are the four types of nueroglial cells in the central nervous system? | Microglical, oligodrndrpcytes, atrocytes and ependymal |
| What is the function of Microglical cells? | support nuerons & phagocytize bacterial cells and celluar derbis |
| What is the function of oligodrndrpcytes cells? | provide insulating layers of myelin |
| What is the function of atrocytes cells? | form scar tissue that fills space following and injury to the CNS |
| What is the function of ependymal cells? | forms an epithelica like membrane that covers specialized brain parts and forms inner linings that enclose spaces within the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the name of the neuroglical cell of the peripheral nervous system? | schwann cells |
| What is the function of schwann cells? | forms myelin sheath |
| Define grey matter. | unmelinated axons and nueron cell bodies form gray matter in the CNS |
| Define white matter. | group of myelinated axons that appear white |
| Node of ranvier is? | narrow gaps between schwann cells |
| Sensory neurons: | carry nerve impulses from periphal body parts into the brain |
| Inerneurons: | transmitt impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another |
| motor neurons: | carry nerve impulses out of the brain |
| What is a synapse? | Junction between any two communicating neurons |
| How is information transmitted within a neuron? | electrially |
| How is information transmitted between neuron cells? | chemically |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | synaptic transmission which is a one way process carried out by biochemicals |
| Name the neuron that relases the neurotransmitter. | presnaptic neuron |
| Name the organelle that stores neurotransmitter. | synaptic vesicles |
| Name the neuron that senses the released neurotransmitter. | post synaptic cells |
| What does the postsynaptic neuron have that allows it to sense a neorutransmitter? | receptors |
| In an unstimulated or resting cell, what two ions are most importnt in determining the volatge or potential across a cell membrane? | sodium and potassium |
| Na+ = | depolarized |
| K+ = | repolarized |
| What is the typical resting mebrane potenial? | -70mv |
| What are the two main phases of an action potential and which one always comes furst? | Depolarization (start) and repolarization (end) |
| The movement of what ion is responsible for depolarization and which way does it move? | sodium; moves inward |
| The movement of what ion is responsible for repolarization and which way does it move? | potassuim; diffused outward |
| What is the self sustaining action potential moving down an axon called? | bioelectric (local) |
| What is the relative speed of impulse conduction in a myelinated axon, compared to an unmyelinated axon? | myelinated= 120 meter per second; unmyelinated= 0.50 meter per second |
| What is the term used to describe the mechanism of the impulse conduction in a myelinated axon? | all-or-none-response |
| Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and cause depolarization are called? | sodium |
| Neurotransmitters that open K+ channels and cause repolarization or hyperpolarization are called? | potassium |
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