History Final Word Scramble

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Term	Definition
Justinian's Code	Multiparty collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian, consisting of the Codex, the Digest, and the Institutes.
Dioceses	Geographic administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral.
Heresy	A religious practice or belief judged unacceptable by church officials.
Pope	Heads of the Roman Catholic Church, who became political as well as religious authorities. The period of a pope’s term in office is called a pontificate.
Orthodox Church	Another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power.
Sacraments	Certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of God’s grace, such as the Eucharist and baptism.
Iconoclastic Controversy	The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire.
Wergeld	Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
Penance	Ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for the sins.
Saints	People who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy.
Carolingian	A dynasty of rulers that took over the Frankish kingdom from the Merovingians in the seventh century; derives from the Latin word for “Charles,” the name of several members of this dynasty.
Treaty of Verdun	A treaty ratified in 843 that divided Charlemagne’s territories among his three surviving grandsons; their kingdoms set the pattern for the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
Qur'an	The sacred book of Islam
Hadith	Collections of the sayings of and anecdotes about Muhammad.
Sunna	An Arabic term meaning “trodden path.” The term refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory example for Muslim life.
Five Pillars of Islam	The basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include faith in God and Muhammad, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and making alms to the poor.
Umma	A community of people who share religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie.
Diwan	A unit of government.
Imam	The leader in community prayer.
Shi'a	Arabic term meaning “supporters of Ali”; they make up one of the two main divisions of Islam.
Sunni	the larger of the two main divisions of Islam
Ulama	A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna
Emirs	Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection.
Shari'a	Muslim law, which covers social, criminal, political, commercial, and religious matters.
Dhimmis	A term meaning “protected peoples”; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.
Madrasa	A school for the study of Muslim law and religion.
Mozarabs	Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert.
Bantu	people living south and east of the Congo River.
Sudan	The African region surrounded by the Sahara, the Gulf of Guinea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the mountains of Ethiopia.
Berbers	North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan.
Mogadishu	A Muslim port city in East Africa founded between the eighth and tenth centuries; today it is the capital of Somalia.
Stateless Societies	African societies bound together by ethnic or blood ties rather than by being political states.
Ghana	From the word for “ruler,” the name of a large and influential African kingdom inhabited by the Soninke people.
Koumbi Saleh	The city in which the king of Ghana held his court.
Timbuktu	Originally a campsite for desert nomads, it grew into a thriving city under Mansa Musa, king of Mali and Africa’s most famous ruler
Aksum	A kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia that was a sizable trading state and the center of Christian culture.
Swahili	The East African coastal culture, named after a Bantu language whose vocabulary and poetic forms exhibit strong Arabic influences.
Kilwa	The most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century.
Great Zimbabwe	A ruined South African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; it is considered the most powerful monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands.
Sunni - Shi'a Divide	began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed.

Created by: random=funny