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History Final
some shiiiit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Justinian's Code | Multiparty collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian, consisting of the Codex, the Digest, and the Institutes. |
| Dioceses | Geographic administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral. |
| Heresy | A religious practice or belief judged unacceptable by church officials. |
| Pope | Heads of the Roman Catholic Church, who became political as well as religious authorities. The period of a pope’s term in office is called a pontificate. |
| Orthodox Church | Another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power. |
| Sacraments | Certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of God’s grace, such as the Eucharist and baptism. |
| Iconoclastic Controversy | The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire. |
| Wergeld | Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes. |
| Penance | Ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for the sins. |
| Saints | People who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy. |
| Carolingian | A dynasty of rulers that took over the Frankish kingdom from the Merovingians in the seventh century; derives from the Latin word for “Charles,” the name of several members of this dynasty. |
| Treaty of Verdun | A treaty ratified in 843 that divided Charlemagne’s territories among his three surviving grandsons; their kingdoms set the pattern for the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy. |
| Qur'an | The sacred book of Islam |
| Hadith | Collections of the sayings of and anecdotes about Muhammad. |
| Sunna | An Arabic term meaning “trodden path.” The term refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory example for Muslim life. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | The basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include faith in God and Muhammad, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and making alms to the poor. |
| Umma | A community of people who share religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie. |
| Diwan | A unit of government. |
| Imam | The leader in community prayer. |
| Shi'a | Arabic term meaning “supporters of Ali”; they make up one of the two main divisions of Islam. |
| Sunni | the larger of the two main divisions of Islam |
| Ulama | A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna |
| Emirs | Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection. |
| Shari'a | Muslim law, which covers social, criminal, political, commercial, and religious matters. |
| Dhimmis | A term meaning “protected peoples”; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians. |
| Madrasa | A school for the study of Muslim law and religion. |
| Mozarabs | Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert. |
| Bantu | people living south and east of the Congo River. |
| Sudan | The African region surrounded by the Sahara, the Gulf of Guinea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the mountains of Ethiopia. |
| Berbers | North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan. |
| Mogadishu | A Muslim port city in East Africa founded between the eighth and tenth centuries; today it is the capital of Somalia. |
| Stateless Societies | African societies bound together by ethnic or blood ties rather than by being political states. |
| Ghana | From the word for “ruler,” the name of a large and influential African kingdom inhabited by the Soninke people. |
| Koumbi Saleh | The city in which the king of Ghana held his court. |
| Timbuktu | Originally a campsite for desert nomads, it grew into a thriving city under Mansa Musa, king of Mali and Africa’s most famous ruler |
| Aksum | A kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia that was a sizable trading state and the center of Christian culture. |
| Swahili | The East African coastal culture, named after a Bantu language whose vocabulary and poetic forms exhibit strong Arabic influences. |
| Kilwa | The most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century. |
| Great Zimbabwe | A ruined South African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; it is considered the most powerful monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands. |
| Sunni - Shi'a Divide | began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed. |
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