Chapter 2 - Cooper Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| Behavior | that portion of that organism’s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement of space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in the environment |
| Response | A single instance or occurrence of a specific type of behavior |
| Response Class | A group of responses of varying topography all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
| Repertoire | all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
| Environment | the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or references part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment |
| Stimulus Class | A group of stimuli that share specific common elements along formal (size, shape, color), temporal (antecedent or consequence), and/or functional dimensions |
| Antecedent | an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occuring prior to the behavior of interest |
| Consequence | A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest |
| Reflex | A S-R relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. Unconditioned and conditioned __________ protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance of the organism, and promote reproduction |
| Respondent Behavior | the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli |
| Respondent Conditioning | A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a NS is presented with an US until the NS becomes a CS and elicits a CR |
| Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing | A procedure in which 2 stimuli are presented at the same time (usually repeated for a number of trials) which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of another stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without prior learning |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus changes that does not elicit respondent behavior |
| Conditioned Stimulus | the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with a US or another CS |
| Conditioned Reflex | A learned stimulus-response functional relations consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits; each person’s repertoire of __________ is the product of his/her own history of interactions with the environment |
| Respondent Extinction | the repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of the US |
| Higher Order Conditioning | development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a NS with a CS |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person’s repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
| Selection by Consequences | the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior are selected, shaped and maintained by their consequences during an individual’s lifetime (ontogeny) |
| Ontogeny | the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
| Phylogeny | the history of the natural evolution of a species |
| Operant Conditioning | the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Punisher | A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Automaticity of Reinforcement | __________ refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness |
| Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
| Positive Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
| Negative Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
| Aversive Stimulus | an unpleasant or noxious stimulus |
| Extinction | the discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior |
| Punishment | __________ occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of response in similar conditions |
| Unconditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus |
| MO | an environmental variable that a) alters the reinforcing/punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; b) alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced/punished by that stimulus, object, or event |
| Deprivation | the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer |
| Satiation | A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior |
| Unconditioned Punisher | A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers |
| Conditioned Punisher | A previously neutral stimulus changes that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one ore more other punishers |
| Discriminated Operant | an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
| Stimulus Control | A stimulus in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus in the presence of which certain responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same responses have not been reinforced |
| 3-Term Contingency | the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; includes the temporal and possible dependent relations among an Antecedent stimulus – Behavior – Consequence |
| Contingency | refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and controlling variables |
| Contingent | describes reinforcement that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurs |
| History of Reinforcement | all of a person’s learning experiences; past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person’s repertoire (ontogeny) |
| Stimulus | an energy that effects an organism through its receptor cells |
| Habituation | A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations or a stimulus; a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentations of the electing stimulus over a short span of time |
| Principle of Behavior | A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (e.g., reinforcement, punishment, and extinction) |
| Behavior Change Tactic | A technologically consistent method of changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (e.g., DRO, shaping, chaining, response cost, and time-out); constitutes the technological aspect of ABA |
| Forward Pairing | the NS is presented immediately before or simultaneously with the US (most effective) |
| Backward Pairing | the US is presented before the NS (not as effective) |
Created by:
Kh3486