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Chapter 2 - Cooper
ABA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behavior | that portion of that organism’s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement of space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in the environment |
| Response | A single instance or occurrence of a specific type of behavior |
| Response Class | A group of responses of varying topography all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
| Repertoire | all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
| Environment | the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or references part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment |
| Stimulus Class | A group of stimuli that share specific common elements along formal (size, shape, color), temporal (antecedent or consequence), and/or functional dimensions |
| Antecedent | an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occuring prior to the behavior of interest |
| Consequence | A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest |
| Reflex | A S-R relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. Unconditioned and conditioned __________ protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance of the organism, and promote reproduction |
| Respondent Behavior | the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli |
| Respondent Conditioning | A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a NS is presented with an US until the NS becomes a CS and elicits a CR |
| Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing | A procedure in which 2 stimuli are presented at the same time (usually repeated for a number of trials) which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of another stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without prior learning |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus changes that does not elicit respondent behavior |
| Conditioned Stimulus | the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with a US or another CS |
| Conditioned Reflex | A learned stimulus-response functional relations consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits; each person’s repertoire of __________ is the product of his/her own history of interactions with the environment |
| Respondent Extinction | the repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of the US |
| Higher Order Conditioning | development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a NS with a CS |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person’s repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
| Selection by Consequences | the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior are selected, shaped and maintained by their consequences during an individual’s lifetime (ontogeny) |
| Ontogeny | the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
| Phylogeny | the history of the natural evolution of a species |
| Operant Conditioning | the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Punisher | A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Automaticity of Reinforcement | __________ refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness |
| Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
| Positive Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
| Negative Reinforcement | __________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
| Aversive Stimulus | an unpleasant or noxious stimulus |
| Extinction | the discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior |
| Punishment | __________ occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of response in similar conditions |
| Unconditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus |
| MO | an environmental variable that a) alters the reinforcing/punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; b) alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced/punished by that stimulus, object, or event |
| Deprivation | the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer |
| Satiation | A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior |
| Unconditioned Punisher | A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers |
| Conditioned Punisher | A previously neutral stimulus changes that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one ore more other punishers |
| Discriminated Operant | an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
| Stimulus Control | A stimulus in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus in the presence of which certain responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same responses have not been reinforced |
| 3-Term Contingency | the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; includes the temporal and possible dependent relations among an Antecedent stimulus – Behavior – Consequence |
| Contingency | refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and controlling variables |
| Contingent | describes reinforcement that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurs |
| History of Reinforcement | all of a person’s learning experiences; past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person’s repertoire (ontogeny) |
| Stimulus | an energy that effects an organism through its receptor cells |
| Habituation | A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations or a stimulus; a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentations of the electing stimulus over a short span of time |
| Principle of Behavior | A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (e.g., reinforcement, punishment, and extinction) |
| Behavior Change Tactic | A technologically consistent method of changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (e.g., DRO, shaping, chaining, response cost, and time-out); constitutes the technological aspect of ABA |
| Forward Pairing | the NS is presented immediately before or simultaneously with the US (most effective) |
| Backward Pairing | the US is presented before the NS (not as effective) |
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