PsychologyChapter7
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| The mental system for recieving,encoding,storing,organizing, altering, and retrieving information. | Memory
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| What are the three processes of memory? | encoding,storage,retrieval
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| Converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory. | Encoding
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| Holding information in memory for later use. | Storage
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| Recovering information from storage in memory. | Retrieval
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| What are the three STAGES of memory? | Sensory memory,short-term memory,long-term memory.
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| The first normally unconcious stage of memory which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less. | Sensory Memory
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| The memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our concious awareness for about a dozen seconds. | Short Term Memory (STM)
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| The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information. | Long Term Memory (LTM)
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| What are the properties of sensory memory? | Ionic memories,echoic memory.
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| Visual sensory images | Ionic Memories
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| A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sud is heard. | Echoic Memory
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| How long does sensory memory hold information? | Just long enough for it to be retrieved and encoded into short term memory.
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| Explain short term memory. | Stores small amounts of information. They can be encoded as images, but ore often encoded by sound.If interupted you may not remember for example a phone number.
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| Another name for short term memory,especially as it is used for thinking and roblem solving. | Working Memory
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| Explan long term memory. | The lasting storehouse for knowledge. It is ncoded on the basis of meaning. American culture emphasizes individuals, whereas chinese culture emphasizes membership.
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| Grouping letters together to reorganize information. | Chunking
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| Silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it in short term memory. | Maintenance Rehearsal
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| Learning by simple repitition. | Rote Rehearsal(rote learning)
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| Memories that seem accurate but are not. Brain stimulation produces memory-like eperiences. | Pseudo-memories
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| How are long term memories organized? | Information may be arranged according to rules,images,categories,symbols,and so on.
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| A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information. | Network Model
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| Process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and hen following chains of related meanings. | Redintegration
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| long term memories of conitioned responses and learned skills. | Procedural Memory
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| The part of long term memory containing specific factual information. | Declarative Memory
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| The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable. | Tip-of-Tongue State
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| The feeling that you have already experienced a situation that you are actually experiencing for the first time. | Deja vu
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| To supply or reproduce memorized information with a minimum of external cues. | Recall
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| The tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list. | Serial Position Effect
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| An ability to correctly identify previously learned information. | Recognition
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| False items included with an item to be recognized. | Distractors
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| Learning again something that was previoiusly learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning. | Relearning
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| Failure to store sufficent informationto form useful memory. | Encoding Failure
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| The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker. | Memory Decay
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| Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are nor periodically used or retrieved. | Disuse
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| Retrieval cues are missing when the time comes to retrieve information. | Cue Dependent Forgetting
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| Memory influenced by one's bodily state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval.Improved memories occur when bodily states match. | State Dependent Learning
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| The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories,and the reverse. | Interference
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| Mastery of one task aids learning or performing another. | Positive Transfer
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| Mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another. | Negative Transfer
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| Unconciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness. | Repression
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| To easily create false memories. | False Memory Syndrome
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| Explain how intense emotions affect one's memory. | Powerfully exciting or stressful experiences activate the limbic system,the part of the brain that processes emotions.
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| Memory created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid. | flashbulb Memory
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| When you look for connections to existing knowledge. | Elaborative Processing
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| Any kind of memory system or aid. | Mnemonic
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| Wwhat are the four basic principles using mnemonics? | Make things meaningful,Make information Familiar,use mental pictures,form unusual associations.
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| What are three techniques for using mnemonics to remember things in order? | Form a story chain,take a mental walk,use a system.
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| A fleeting visual image that remains for about half a second after the original stimulus is gone. | Icon
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| Information is transferred from sensory memory to_____by means of__________. | Long-term memory;rehearsal
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| What is FALSE about short term memory? | It is insensitive to interference.
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| Loftus and Palmer have shown that memories are what? | At times updated,changed,or revised.
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| Ebbinghaus foud that forgetting nonsense syllables was greatest when? | Shortly after learning.
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| The fading memories are also referred as what? | Memory Decay
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| What is false about flashbulb memories? | They are usually accurate.
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| What part of the brain seems responsible for the formation of permanent memories? | Hippocampus
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| ___amnesia involves forgetting the events which followed an injury or trauma. | Anterograde
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| Eidetic imagery is what? | projected onto a blank surface,retained for at least 30 seconds, and an ability more commonly found in children.
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