Chemistry Regents
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| The Atomic Number is what kind of charge? | nuclear charge
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| the mass number equals | protons + neutrons
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| What is the outermost energy level? | valence shell
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| Where is the most likely location of the electrons? | Orbitals
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| When energy is added to an element and electrons move from the ground state to the excited state, and light is released it's the... | spectral lines
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| negative ions... | gain electrons
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| positive ions... | lose electrons
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| What are the diatomic elements? | H,O,F,Br,I,N,Cl
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| what is electronegativity? | the ability of an atom to attract electrons
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| what is ionization energy? | the amount of energy needed to remove an electron
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| What type of element has a large radius? | Metals
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| What type of element has a small radius? | Nonmetals
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| When a bond is formed what happens to the energy? | energy is released
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| When a bond is broken what happens to the energy? | energy is absorbed
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| What is the octet rule? | all elements want 8 electrons to be stable
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| What bond has an electronegativity difference above 1.7? | Ionic bond
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| In an ionic bond how would u draw the lewis dot structure? | Metal= no dots with (+) charge (ox. state) &
Nonmetal= 8 dots with (-) charge (ox. state)
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| What bond is characterized by sharing electrons? | Covalent bonds
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| What is a nonpolar bond? | each atom shares electrons equally (same elements) and the electronegativity difference is 0
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| What is a polar bond? | when 2 different nonmetal atoms bond, one atom will attract electrons with a greater force and the electronegativity differnce is between 0 and 1.7
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| What is a coordinate bond? | a polyatomic ion compound- both ionic and covalent bonds
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| What are molecular compounds? | They contain covalent bonds
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| What are IMFS? | molecules have a weak (compared to atomic bonds) forces of attraction for one another.
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| What are molecule- ions? | the positive ion and negative are attracted to the molecule
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| What are dipole-dipole? | 2 polar molecules are attracted by electrostatic forces
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| What is Hydrogen bonding? | when H is bonded to N, O, and F only (*strongest imf*)
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| In Van der Waals forces the IMF is | weak
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| Effectiveness in Van der Waal's forces IMF increases with... | an increase number of electrons and decrease in distance between molecules
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| What are network solids? | SiO2, C (diamond)
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| What are metallic bonds called? | the mobile sea of electrons
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| A compound that is soft, has a low melting point, a poor conductor of heat and electricity is a... | Molecular compound (like dissolves like)
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| Network solids properties are... | extremely hard, extremely high melting points, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and insoluble in all solvents
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| A compound that is hard, but brittle, has a high melting point, soluble in polar solvents (H2O), and don't conduct electricity as solids but do as liquids is... | An ionic compound
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| The properties of metallic solids are... | hard but maleable, have a high melting point, a good conductor of heat and electricity in all states and insoluble
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| What is a hydrate? | a compound that has water attached within it's crystal structure
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| How do you determine the composition of a hydrate? | dehydrate the hydrate
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| How do you find the molar mass of the entire hydrate compound? | ionic crystal + water
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| In matter you can physically separate... | substances and mixtures
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| In matter elements and compounds (2 different elements) can be... | Chemically separate
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| In matter what kind of mixtures cannot be separated? | homogeneous and heterogeneous
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| What is the kinetic molecular theory? (5) | 1. distance between particles is very large and compared to the volume of the particles. 2. Particles are in a rapid straight-line motion. 3. all collisions are elastic. 4. the K.E. gas is proportional to Kelvin temperature. 5. gas particles exert no IMFS
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| Real gases deviate from 2 parts in Kinetic molecular theory, they are... | the particles have volume & particles exert attraction
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| Kinetic Molecular theory when it comes to real gases, they behave like ideal gas only when... | PLIGHT, pressure low ideal gas high temperature
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| What is the Combined Gas Law? | mathematical relationship used when no variables are held constant
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| 2 gases with the same temperature, pressure, volume, and same number of moles are what law? | Avogadro's Law
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| What is Vapor pressure? | As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases, and vice versa
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| What is boiling point? | as vapor pressure increases, boiling increases, and vice versa
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| In a chemical change... | bonds must be broken
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| In physical changes- melting- solid to liquid is... | endothermic
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| In physical changes- freezing- liquid to solid is... | exothermic
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| Condensation is... | gas to liquid (exothermic)
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| Vaporization is... | liquid to gas (endothermic)
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| Heat of Fusion is... | energy required to convert a solid into a liquid
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| Heat of Vaporization is... | energy required to convert a liquid to a gas
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| Sublimation is... | solid to gas (endothermic)
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| Deposition is... | gas to solid (exothermic)
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| What is Combustion? | a hydrocarbon burns in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
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| What is single replacement? | an element replaces another element in a compound
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| What is double replacement? | 2 aqueous ionic compounds switch ions
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| What is collision theory? | Molecules must collide in order to react (no effective collisions- no reactions)
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| What factors affect reaction rates? | Nature of reactants
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| Nature of reactants is.. | reactions involving aqueous ionic compounds react fastest
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| What reaction is always spontaneous? | Exothermic (lower energy) and increase disorder
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| What is equilibrium? | when the reaction rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal; the concentration of reactants and products are constant
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| LeChatliers Principle- Change in concentration | 1. Increase in conc., the reaction shifts away
2. Decrease in conc., the reaction shifts toward
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| LeChatliers Principle- Change in pressure | 1. Increase in pressure, favors the reaction that produces the least moles of gas
2. Decrease in pressure favors the reaction that produces the most moles of gas
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| LeChatliers Principle- Change in temperature | 1. Inc. in temp., shifts away from heat
2. Dec. in temp., shifts toward heat
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| What is distillation? | Separating liquid mixtures using differences in boiling points
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| What is concentration? | the amount of solute in a given amount of solution
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| What is solubility? | How ell a solute dissolves in a given solvent under certain conditions
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| What factors influence solubility? | Nature of solute and solvent(like dissolves like), pressure- only affects gases; direct relationship, and temperature, solids=direct relationship, gases=indirect relationship
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| Saturated is... | the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature (equilibrium) located on the solubility curve
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| Unsaturated is... | less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature; located below the solubility curve
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| Supersaturated is... | more than the maximum amount of solute in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature; located above the solubility curve
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| Vapor pressure reduces... | higher concentration, lower vapor pressure
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| Boiling Point elevates... | higher concentration, higher boiling point
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| Freezing Points depresses... | higher concentration, lower melting point
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| Acids H+ is a proton... | donor
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| Bases H- is a proton... | acceptor
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| In electrical conductivity... | both will conduct
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| What is neutralization? | acid + base -> salt + water
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| In a redox reaction it must have... | an element
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| Electrochemical cells is... | a device that either uses or produces electricity using a redox reaction
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| Electrochemical cell formula | an ox -> electrons flow -> red cat
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| what is a Voltaic cell? | a device that produces electricity through a spontaneous redox reaction
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| What is a electrolytic cell? | a device that uses electricity to cause a nonspontaneous redox reaction
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| Name the 5 properties of organic compounds? | covalent compounds, low melting point, insoluble in water, soluble in nonpolar solvents, and slow reaction rates
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| saturated hydrocarbons are... | alkanes
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| unsaturated hydrocarbons are... | alkenes, alkynes
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| Isomers are... | same formula (same elements), different structure
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| Esterification is... | production of an ester from an organic acid and an alcohol
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| Fermentation is... | conversion of sugar by yeast or bacteria into ethanol
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| Natural Transmutation is... | when an element decays into decay mode and new element
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| Nuclear Equations are... | used to visually represent the changes taking place during a nuclear reaction by using symbols to represent elements and particles
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| Fission is... | splitting a large nucleus into smaller nuclei using a neutron
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| Fusion is... | making a larger nucleus from smaller nuclei
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Created by:
elleinad
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