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Chemistry Regents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Atomic Number is what kind of charge? | nuclear charge |
| the mass number equals | protons + neutrons |
| What is the outermost energy level? | valence shell |
| Where is the most likely location of the electrons? | Orbitals |
| When energy is added to an element and electrons move from the ground state to the excited state, and light is released it's the... | spectral lines |
| negative ions... | gain electrons |
| positive ions... | lose electrons |
| What are the diatomic elements? | H,O,F,Br,I,N,Cl |
| what is electronegativity? | the ability of an atom to attract electrons |
| what is ionization energy? | the amount of energy needed to remove an electron |
| What type of element has a large radius? | Metals |
| What type of element has a small radius? | Nonmetals |
| When a bond is formed what happens to the energy? | energy is released |
| When a bond is broken what happens to the energy? | energy is absorbed |
| What is the octet rule? | all elements want 8 electrons to be stable |
| What bond has an electronegativity difference above 1.7? | Ionic bond |
| In an ionic bond how would u draw the lewis dot structure? | Metal= no dots with (+) charge (ox. state) & Nonmetal= 8 dots with (-) charge (ox. state) |
| What bond is characterized by sharing electrons? | Covalent bonds |
| What is a nonpolar bond? | each atom shares electrons equally (same elements) and the electronegativity difference is 0 |
| What is a polar bond? | when 2 different nonmetal atoms bond, one atom will attract electrons with a greater force and the electronegativity differnce is between 0 and 1.7 |
| What is a coordinate bond? | a polyatomic ion compound- both ionic and covalent bonds |
| What are molecular compounds? | They contain covalent bonds |
| What are IMFS? | molecules have a weak (compared to atomic bonds) forces of attraction for one another. |
| What are molecule- ions? | the positive ion and negative are attracted to the molecule |
| What are dipole-dipole? | 2 polar molecules are attracted by electrostatic forces |
| What is Hydrogen bonding? | when H is bonded to N, O, and F only (*strongest imf*) |
| In Van der Waals forces the IMF is | weak |
| Effectiveness in Van der Waal's forces IMF increases with... | an increase number of electrons and decrease in distance between molecules |
| What are network solids? | SiO2, C (diamond) |
| What are metallic bonds called? | the mobile sea of electrons |
| A compound that is soft, has a low melting point, a poor conductor of heat and electricity is a... | Molecular compound (like dissolves like) |
| Network solids properties are... | extremely hard, extremely high melting points, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and insoluble in all solvents |
| A compound that is hard, but brittle, has a high melting point, soluble in polar solvents (H2O), and don't conduct electricity as solids but do as liquids is... | An ionic compound |
| The properties of metallic solids are... | hard but maleable, have a high melting point, a good conductor of heat and electricity in all states and insoluble |
| What is a hydrate? | a compound that has water attached within it's crystal structure |
| How do you determine the composition of a hydrate? | dehydrate the hydrate |
| How do you find the molar mass of the entire hydrate compound? | ionic crystal + water |
| In matter you can physically separate... | substances and mixtures |
| In matter elements and compounds (2 different elements) can be... | Chemically separate |
| In matter what kind of mixtures cannot be separated? | homogeneous and heterogeneous |
| What is the kinetic molecular theory? (5) | 1. distance between particles is very large and compared to the volume of the particles. 2. Particles are in a rapid straight-line motion. 3. all collisions are elastic. 4. the K.E. gas is proportional to Kelvin temperature. 5. gas particles exert no IMFS |
| Real gases deviate from 2 parts in Kinetic molecular theory, they are... | the particles have volume & particles exert attraction |
| Kinetic Molecular theory when it comes to real gases, they behave like ideal gas only when... | PLIGHT, pressure low ideal gas high temperature |
| What is the Combined Gas Law? | mathematical relationship used when no variables are held constant |
| 2 gases with the same temperature, pressure, volume, and same number of moles are what law? | Avogadro's Law |
| What is Vapor pressure? | As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases, and vice versa |
| What is boiling point? | as vapor pressure increases, boiling increases, and vice versa |
| In a chemical change... | bonds must be broken |
| In physical changes- melting- solid to liquid is... | endothermic |
| In physical changes- freezing- liquid to solid is... | exothermic |
| Condensation is... | gas to liquid (exothermic) |
| Vaporization is... | liquid to gas (endothermic) |
| Heat of Fusion is... | energy required to convert a solid into a liquid |
| Heat of Vaporization is... | energy required to convert a liquid to a gas |
| Sublimation is... | solid to gas (endothermic) |
| Deposition is... | gas to solid (exothermic) |
| What is Combustion? | a hydrocarbon burns in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water |
| What is single replacement? | an element replaces another element in a compound |
| What is double replacement? | 2 aqueous ionic compounds switch ions |
| What is collision theory? | Molecules must collide in order to react (no effective collisions- no reactions) |
| What factors affect reaction rates? | Nature of reactants |
| Nature of reactants is.. | reactions involving aqueous ionic compounds react fastest |
| What reaction is always spontaneous? | Exothermic (lower energy) and increase disorder |
| What is equilibrium? | when the reaction rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal; the concentration of reactants and products are constant |
| LeChatliers Principle- Change in concentration | 1. Increase in conc., the reaction shifts away 2. Decrease in conc., the reaction shifts toward |
| LeChatliers Principle- Change in pressure | 1. Increase in pressure, favors the reaction that produces the least moles of gas 2. Decrease in pressure favors the reaction that produces the most moles of gas |
| LeChatliers Principle- Change in temperature | 1. Inc. in temp., shifts away from heat 2. Dec. in temp., shifts toward heat |
| What is distillation? | Separating liquid mixtures using differences in boiling points |
| What is concentration? | the amount of solute in a given amount of solution |
| What is solubility? | How ell a solute dissolves in a given solvent under certain conditions |
| What factors influence solubility? | Nature of solute and solvent(like dissolves like), pressure- only affects gases; direct relationship, and temperature, solids=direct relationship, gases=indirect relationship |
| Saturated is... | the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature (equilibrium) located on the solubility curve |
| Unsaturated is... | less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature; located below the solubility curve |
| Supersaturated is... | more than the maximum amount of solute in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature; located above the solubility curve |
| Vapor pressure reduces... | higher concentration, lower vapor pressure |
| Boiling Point elevates... | higher concentration, higher boiling point |
| Freezing Points depresses... | higher concentration, lower melting point |
| Acids H+ is a proton... | donor |
| Bases H- is a proton... | acceptor |
| In electrical conductivity... | both will conduct |
| What is neutralization? | acid + base -> salt + water |
| In a redox reaction it must have... | an element |
| Electrochemical cells is... | a device that either uses or produces electricity using a redox reaction |
| Electrochemical cell formula | an ox -> electrons flow -> red cat |
| what is a Voltaic cell? | a device that produces electricity through a spontaneous redox reaction |
| What is a electrolytic cell? | a device that uses electricity to cause a nonspontaneous redox reaction |
| Name the 5 properties of organic compounds? | covalent compounds, low melting point, insoluble in water, soluble in nonpolar solvents, and slow reaction rates |
| saturated hydrocarbons are... | alkanes |
| unsaturated hydrocarbons are... | alkenes, alkynes |
| Isomers are... | same formula (same elements), different structure |
| Esterification is... | production of an ester from an organic acid and an alcohol |
| Fermentation is... | conversion of sugar by yeast or bacteria into ethanol |
| Natural Transmutation is... | when an element decays into decay mode and new element |
| Nuclear Equations are... | used to visually represent the changes taking place during a nuclear reaction by using symbols to represent elements and particles |
| Fission is... | splitting a large nucleus into smaller nuclei using a neutron |
| Fusion is... | making a larger nucleus from smaller nuclei |
Created by:
elleinad
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