Reproductive System Pathophysiology
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| During the years that a woman is more likely to be sexually active, the vagina mucosa is protected from infection by: | an acidic pH.
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| Which of the following hormones plays a role in breast milk ejection (let down) during lactation? | Oxytocin
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| Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes which of the following cancers? | Cervical
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| Which hormone promotes breast development during puberty? | Estrogen
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| Which paired glands lie posterior to the urinary bladder in the male? | Seminal vesicles
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| Cryptorchidism can be defined as: | problems with testicular descent.
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| Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with declining ovarian function with age? | Decreased risk of coronary disease
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| Spermatogenesis occurs in the: | seminiferous tubules.
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| The thick middle layer of the uterine wall is the: | myometrium.
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| Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is commonly caused by: | Neisseria gonorrhea.
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| In the vast majority of cases of delayed puberty the problem is: | slow maturation.
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| The glands of Montgomery are located in the: | breasts.
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| When estrogen and progesterone levels drop, the endometrium enters: | the menstrual phase.
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| The most potent of the following estrogens is: | estradiol.
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| In stage _____ ovarian cancer is limited to the ovaries. | I
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| Progesterone is often referred to as "the hormone of pregnancy." Which of the following phrases describes its action during pregnancy? | Prevents smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
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| The pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome is related to: | hyperinsulinemia.
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| Which of the following signs is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer? | A painless lump
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| The cause of primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be related to: | elevated prostaglandins.
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| The descent of the bladder and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal wall is called: | a cystocele.
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| The most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is: | endometrial cancer.
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| Which of the following are benign uterine tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium and are commonly called uterine fibroids? | Leiomyomas
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| During the menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs after: | a sharp rise in luteinizing hormone (LH).
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| ______ is the "bent nail condition," a fibrotic condition that causes lateral curvature of the penis during erection. | Peyronie disease
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| The condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans penis is called: | phimosis.
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| Yeast vaginitis is caused by overgrowth of which microorganism? | Candida albicans
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| Which body structure contains the openings to the vagina and urinary meatus? | Vestibule
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| In postpubertal males, which organism is the most common infectious cause of orchitis? | Mumps
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| The luteinizing hormone surge transforms granulosa cells into: | corpus luteal cells.
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| The duct that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus is called the: | fallopian tube.
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| Cells of the ____ have receptors for gonadotropins. | ovary
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| Symptoms of prostatitis are similar to: | urinary tract infection.
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| Prostate cancer: | is the leading type of cancer in men.
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| Medical therapies for endometriosis include suppressing: | ovulation.
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| Which of the following is a normal characteristic of aging and the male reproductive system? | Changes in libido
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| Which sexually transmitted infection can cause infertility and blindness and is often asymptomatic in men and women? | Syphilis
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| An important risk factor in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is: | increased age.
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| The usual site of fertilization is the: | ampulla of the fallopian tubes.
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| Galactorrhea is generally caused by: | hormonal imbalances.
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| In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), an agent given to pregnant women between 1938 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage, increases a woman's risk for which cancer? | Vaginal
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| Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle then develops into: | a corpus luteum.
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| An example of a parasitic sexually transmitted infection that is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact is: | scabies.
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| Which of the following types of ovarian cyst is a teratoma that often contain skin, hair, cartilage, and bone? | Dermoid cyst.
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| A common complaint from men with mild to moderate benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is: | decreased urinary stream.
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| The major difference between male and female sex hormone production is that: | sex hormone production in the male is relatively constant.
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| The major hormonal determinant of sexual differentiation in utero is: | testosterone.
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| Menstruation is followed by the ______ phase of the menstrual cycle. | follicular
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| Endometrial thickening during the proliferative phase is stimulated by increased levels of: | estrogen.
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| Clinical manifestations of a female patient include the following: irregular and/or heavy bleeding, passage of large clots, and anemia. This patient is experiencing: | dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
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| To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in: | fat.
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| Changes in the cervical mucus can be used to identify the periods in which a female is most fertile. During ovulation, cervical mucus can be described as: | abundant and elastic.
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| The ova are contained within the ovarian: | follicle.
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| Gynecomastia is: | overdevelopment of breast tissue in males.
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| A female patient, age 6, is showing growth of pubic hair. All other physical characteristics appear normal. The correct diagnosis would be: | incomplete precocious puberty.
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| The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men with a history of: | cryptorchidism.
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| Polycystic ovarian syndrome often results in: | infertility.
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| "Which hormone promotes the formation of channels in the mucus of the cervical os to facilitate sperm movement into the uterus? | Estrogen
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| Puberty in males and females is triggered by the hormone: | leptin.
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| ______ is inflammation of the glans penis. | Balanitis
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| Progesterone is primarily secreted by the: | corpus luteum.
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| Dysmenorrhea manifests with which of the following symptoms? | Painful menstruation
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| _____ is an acute inflammation of the testes. | Orchitis
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| The pigmented area around the nipple of the breast is called the _____. | areola
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| Testicular _____ is when the testes become twisted, thereby constricting blood vessels and interrupting its blood supply, which causes testicular pain and swelling. | torsion
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| Most lymph from the breast tissue drains through the _____ lymph nodes. | axillary
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| The testes and epididymis are enclosed and protected by the _____. | scrotum
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| The lower opening of the uterus is the _____. | cervix
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| Before menopause, the mucosal layer of the _____ is covered with transverse rugae. | vagina
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| The ______ is a body of erectile tissue located between the labia minora in females and is the major site of stimulation and orgasm. | clitoris
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| Male embryos begin to produce the hormone _____ that promotes the development of testes. | testosterone
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| Galactorrhea is the excessive secretion of fluid from the _____. | breast, nipple
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| A _______ is an abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord that can lead to fertility problems. | varicocele
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| A 50 year-old woman has not had a menstrual period for 1 year. She is in the developmental period of _____. | menopause
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| Sperm are transported from the testes to the urethra through a duct called the _______. | vas deferens, ductus deferens
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| The _____ is the internal lining of the uterine wall. | endometrium
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| An ovarian _______ is a benign, fluid-filled sac that grows to a typical size of 5 to 6 cm. | cyst
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