EOC
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| Mendels law of segregation | separation of 2 alleles into separate cells. meiosis produces haploid clels. only during meiosis 1 to produce 4 haploid cell
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| heterzygous | individual with 2 differnt alleles of particuler gene
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| what cant be observed in a monohybrid cross | law of independent cross which requires 2 or more pairs of alleles
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| during a test cross | where an idividual with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
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| test cross | used to determine genotype of an individual with the dominate pheotype the individual exhibits the recessive pheontype.
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| pleitrophy | one gene affecting more then one pheotypic trait
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| sex linked genes | located on sex chromosome
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| sex influenced genes | genes that are autosomal but are expressed differently in amales than in femals. depens if they are male or female
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| genetic divisity | maintained by mutation and genetic transfer but not binary fussion
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| horizontal transfer | acquirring genes from another speiceies
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| capsid | protein coat of virus
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| viral attachment | speicific to a particular cell type because virus recognizes and bindsto specific molecules on surface of host cell
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| reverse transcriptase | enzyme that produces dna from viral rna genome but cant froofreed so mutations increase
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| viroids and prions | prions: proteins that causes diseas viroids: rna molecuels that cause disease
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| what are vectors dervived | ffrom plasmids and viruses
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| restriction enzymes | cut dna and produce sticky end on dna fragments and are naturally produced in bacteria and prevent viral infection
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| dna library | produced by isolating mRNA from cell and using reverse transcriptatse to make dna molecuels is called a cDNA library
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| how do scientist identify colonies that contain gene of intersest | they screen with probe that is complementary to gene of interset
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| southern blotting | allows researchers to detect a particular dna sequence in a mix of many dna fragments
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| bioremdiation | uses microorganism to reduce polluition
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| organisms that carry genes that are introduced using molcular techniquies | transgenics and genetically modified organisms
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| dna fingerprinting | used to identify straubs if bacteria, tool for criminal cases, genetic relationships between peole, and determine identities
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| how did meseleson and stahl disvover semi conservative was right model | used isotopes of nitrogen to determine newly synthezisd dna moleucles. analyzied differences
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| dna primase | doesnt not produce ozaki fragemtns but it produces short rna primers wheich allow dna polymerase to dna nucleotides and also make okazaki fragemtns
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| evolution of dna polymerase | gene duplication followed by mutations alter activity of polymerase
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| codon | is rna not dna
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| product of structual gene | mRNA
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| structural gene | dna sequence codes for amino acid sequences.
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| rRNA and tRNA | dont code for amino acid
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| ribosome | the organelle where translation takes place
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| anticodon | region of tRNA that is complemetnary to triplet or mRNA
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| during intiation of translation | 1st codon is AUG and enters P site and assocatiate with intitiator tRNA
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| peptidyl transfer reaction | movement of polypeptide from tRNA in P site to tRNA in a site
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| polycitstronic mRNA | mRNA produced from operon
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| in the lac operon | repressor binds to the operator to inhibit transcription
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| TrP operon | is considered a reperssible operon because structural genes are necessary for tryptplant synthesis are not expressed when the trytophan levels are high
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| mitotic | used for reproduction (assexual) and multicellular
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| a replicated chromosome | composed of 2 sister chromatids associated at the entromere
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| haploid number of chromosomes | only in meiosis 2
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| where is homologous chromosome synapse | during meiosis but not during mitosis
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| crossing over | exchange of material between homologous chromosomes
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| nondisjunction | results in aneoploidy which is the addition or substraction of single chromosome
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