C++ Programming
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| Accessor function | A function that accesses an object but does not change it.
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| Address | A value that specifies the location of a variable in memory.
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| Aggregation relationship | The "has-a" relationship between classes.
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| Algorithm | An unambiguous
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| ANSI/ISO C++ Standard | The standard for the C++ language that was developed
by the American National Standards Institute and the International Standards
Organization.
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| Argument | A parameter value in a function call
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| Array | A collection of values of the same type
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| Arrow operator | The -> operator. p->m is the same as (*p).m.
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| ASCII code | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange
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| Assignment | Placing a new value into a variable.
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| Base class | A class from which another class is derived.
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| Binary file | A file in which values are stored in their binary representation and cannot
be read as text.
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| Binary search | A fast algorithm for finding a value in a sorted array. It narrows the
search down to half of the array in every step.
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| Bit | Binary digit
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| the smallest unit of information | having two possible values
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| Black Box | A device with a given specification but unknown implementation.
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| Block | A group of statements bracketed by {}.
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| Boolean/Logical operator | An operator that can be applied to Boolean values. C++ has three of these operators: &&
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| Boolean type | A type with two values
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| Boundary test case | A test case involving values that are at the outer boundary of
the set of legal values. For example
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| Bounds error | Trying to access an array element that is outside the legal range.
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| break statement | A statement that terminates a loop or switch statement.
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| Byte | A number between 0 and 255 (eight bits). Essentially all currently manufactured
computers use a byte as the smallest unit of storage in memory.
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| Capacity | The number of values that a data structure such as an array can potentially
hold
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| Case-sensitive | Distinguishing upper- and lowercase characters.
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| Cast | Converting a value from one type to a different type. For example
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| Character | A single letter
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| Class | A programmer-defined data type.
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| Command line | The line you type when you start a program in a command window.
It consists of the program name and the command line arguments.
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| Command line arguments | Additional strings of information provided at the com-mand line that the program can use.
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| Comment | An explanation to make the human reader understand a section of a
program
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| ignored by the compiler. |
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| Compiler | A program that translates code in a high-level language such as C++ to machine instructions.
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| Compile-time/syntax Error | Logic error
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| an error in a syntactically correct program that causes it to act differently from its specification. |
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| Concatenation | Placing one string after another.
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| Constant | A value that cannot be changed by the program. In C++
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| Constructor | A function that initializes a newly allocated object.
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| CPU | The part of a computer that executes the machine
instructions.
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| Dangling Pointer | A pointer that does not point to a valid location.
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| Data Member | A variable that is present in every object of a class.
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| Debugger | A program that lets a user run another program one or a few steps at a
time
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| Declaration | A statement that announces the existence of a variable
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| Default constructor | A constructor that can be invoked with no parameters.
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| Definition | A statement or series of statements that fully describes a variable
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| delete operator | The operator that recycles memory to the heap.
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| Derived class | A class that modifies a base class by adding data members
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| Directory | A structure on a disk that can hold files or other directories
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| also called a folder. |
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| Dot notation | The notation object.function(parameters) used to invoke a member
function on an object.
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| Element | A storage location in an array.
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| Encapsulation | The hiding of implementation details.
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| Escape character | A character in text that is not taken literally but has a special
meaning when combined with the character or characters that follow it. The \ charac-ter is an escape character in C++ strings.
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| Exception | A condition that prevents a program from continuing normally.
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| Executable file | The file that contains a program's machine instructions.
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| Explicit parameter | A parameter of a member function other than the object on
which the function is invoked.
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| Expression | A syntactical construct that is made up of constants
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| Extension | The last part of a file name
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| Failed stream state | The state of a stream after an invalid operation has been
attempted
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| File | A sequence of bytes that is stored on disk.
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| File pointer | The position within a file of the next byte to be read or written. It can
be moved so as to access any byte in the file.
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| Floating-point number | A number with a fractional part.
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| Folder | Directory
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| Function | A sequence of statements that can be invoked multiple times
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| Global variable | A variable whose scope is not restricted to a single function.
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| Header file | A file that informs the compiler of features that are available in another
module or library.
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| Heap | A reservoir of storage from which memory can be allocated when a program
runs.
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| IDE (Integrated Development Environment) | A programming environment that
includes an editor
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| Implicit Parameter | The object on which a member function is called. For example
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| #include directive | An instruction to the preprocessor to include a header file.
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| Index | The position of an element in an array.
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| Inheritance | The "is-a" relationship between a general base class and a specialized
derived class.
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| Initialization | Setting a variable to a well-defined value when it is created.
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| Integer | A number without a fractional part.
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| Integer division | Taking the quotient of two integers and discarding the remainder.
In C++
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| Interface | The set of functions that can be applied to objects of a given type.
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| Lexicographic ordering | Ordering strings in the same order as in a dictionary
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| Library | A set of precompiled functions that can be included in programs.
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| Linker | The program that combines object and library files into an executable file.
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| Local variable | A variable whose scope is a single block.
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| Logic error | An error in a syntactically correct program that causes it to act differently from its specification.
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| Loop | A sequence of instructions that is executed repeatedly.
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| Loop and a half | A loop whose termination decision is neither at the beginning nor
at the end.
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| Machine code | Instructions that can be executed directly by the CPU.
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| Magic number | A number that appears in a program without explanation.
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| main function | The function that is called first when a program executes.
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| Member function | A function that is defined by a class and operates on objects of
that class.
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| Memory | The circuitry that stores code and data in a computer.
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| Memory leak | Memory that is dynamically allocated but never returned to the heap
manager. A succession of memory leaks can cause the heap manager to run out of
memory.
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| Modules operator | The % operator that yields the remainder of an integer division.
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| Mutator function | A member function that changes the state of an object.
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| Nested block | A block that is contained inside another block.
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| Nested loop | A loop that is contained in another loop.
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| new operator | The operator that allocates new memory from the heap.
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| Newline | The '\n' character
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| Object-oriented programming | A programming style in which tasks are solved by
collaborating objects.
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| Off-by-one error | A common programming error in which a value is one larger or
smaller than it should be.
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| Opening a file | Preparing a file for reading or writing.
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| Operator | A symbol denoting a mathematical or logical operation
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| Operator precedence | The rule that governs which operator is evaluated first. For
example
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| Overloading | Giving more than one meaning to a function name or operator.
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| Overriding | Redefining a function from a base class in a derived class.
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| Parallel arrays | Arrays of the same length
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| Parameter variable | A variable in a function that is initialized with the argument
value when the function is called.
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| Pointer | A value that denotes the memory location of an object.
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| Polymorphism | Selecting a function among several functions with the same name
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| Prompt | A string that prompts the program user to provide input.
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| Prototype | The declaration of a function
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| Pseudocode | A mixture of English and C++ used when developing the code for a
program.
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| Pseudorandom numbers | A number that appears to be random but is generated by
a formula.
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| Public interface | The features of a class that are accessible to all clients.
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| Random access | The ability to access any value directly without having to read the
values preceding it.
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| Recursive function | A function that can call itself with simpler values. It must
han dle the simplest values without calling itself.
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| Reference parameter | A parameter that is bound to a variable supplied in the call.
Changes made to the parameter within the function affect the variable outside the
function.
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| Relational operator | An operator that compares two values
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| Reserved word | A word that has a special meaning in a programming language and
therefore cannot be used as a name by the programmer.
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| Return value | The value returned by a function through a return statement.
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| Roundoff error | An error introduced by the fact that the computer can store only a
finite number of digits of a floating-point number.
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| Scope | The part of a program in which a variable is defined.
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| Selection sort | A sorting algorithm in which the smallest element is repeatedly
found and removed until no elements remain.
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| Sentinel | A value in input that is not to be used as an actual input value but to signal
the end of input.
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| Sequential access | Accessing values one after another without skipping over any of
them.
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| Slicing an object | Copying an object of a derived class into a variable of the base
class
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| Source file | A file containing instructions in a programming language.
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| Stepwise refinement | Solving a problem by breaking it into smaller problems and
then further decomposing those smaller problems.
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| Stream | An abstraction for a sequence of bytes from which data can be read or to
which data can be written.
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| String | A sequence of characters.
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| Structure | A construct for aggregating items of arbitrary types into a single value.
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| Stub | A function with no or minimal functionality.
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| Substitution principle | The rule that states that you can use a derived-class object
whenever a base-class object is expected.
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| Syntax | Rules that define how to form instructions in a particular programming
language.
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| Syntax error | An instruction that does not follow the programming language rules
and is rejected by the compiler.
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| Tab character | The '\t' character
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| Test coverage | The instructions of a program that are executed when a set of test
cases are run.
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| Text file | A file in which values are stored in their text representation.
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| Trace message | A message that is printed during a program run for debugging
purposes.
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| Type | A named set of values and the operations that can be carried out with them.
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| Unary operator | An operator with one argument.
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| Unicode | A standard code that assigns values consisting of two bytes to characters
used in scripts around the world.
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| Uninitialized variable | A variable that has not been set to a particular value. It is
filled with whatever "random" bytes happen to be present in the memory location
that the variable occupies.
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| Unit test | A test of a function by itself
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| Value parameter | A function parameter whose value is copied into a parameter vari-able of a function. If a variable is passed as a value parameter
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| Variable | A storage location that can hold different values.
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| Vector | The standard C++ template for a dynamically-growing array.
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| Virtual function | A function that can be redefined in a derived class. The actual
function called depends on the type of the object on which it is invoked at run time.
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| void | A reserved word indicating no type or an unknown type.
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| Walkthrough | Simulating a program or a part of a program by hand to test for correct
behavior.
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| White space | A sequence consisting of space
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