Chapter 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Matter | material that has mass and occupies space
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| Pure Substance | matter that has a fixed or definite composition 1.) elements or 2. compounds
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| Element | A pure substance that cannot be separated into any simpler substances by chemical methods
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| Compounds | 1. Pure substances 2. consist of a combination of two or more elements 3. always in same ratio Ex. H2O is water - but H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide
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| Mixture | Two or more substances are physically mixed, but not chemically combined
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| Homogeneous mixture | 1. Also called solution 2. Air & salt water are examples 3. Composition is uniform throughout sample
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| Heterogeneous mixture | Components are NOT uniform throughout sample Ex. choc. chip cookies; oil & water
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| Na - What is Latin root? | Natrium = salt = sodium
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| Fe - Latin root | Ferrum = Iron
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| Ag - Latin root | Argentum = silver
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| Who invented Periodic Table? | Mendeleev
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| Period - describe | A horizontal row on the Periodic Table 2. each has a number (regular print)
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| Group - how designated on Periodic Table? | Each VERTICAL COLUMN contains a group or family of elements with similar properties 3. Designated 1A - (sometimes with Roman numerals)
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| Alkali metals | Group 1A elements 2. Soft, shiny metals 3. Good conductors of heat 4. Relatively low melting points 5. React with water
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| Is hydrogen alkali metal? | No, even though it is at top of Column 1A
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| Alkali metals (names) | LI - Lithium, Na - sodium, K - potassium, RB rubidium, Cs Cesium
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| Al | (blank)
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| Alkaline Earth metals (properties) | Shiny metals, but not as reactive as Group 1A
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| Halogens - Group 7A (17) | Strongly reactive-form compounds
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| Halogens - name some elements | F-fluorine, Cl-chlorine, Br-bromine, I- iodine and At astatine
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| Zigzag line on periodic table | Separates Metals from nonmetals
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| Metalloids | Located adjacent to the zigzag line
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| Atom | smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element
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| Dalton's Atomic Theory (4) | a. All matter is made of tiny particles-atoms 2. Atoms of one element are different from others 3. Atoms combine to form compounds 4. Chemical reactions combines atoms; but they are never created or destroyed--rearrangements
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| Proton | subatomic particle with a POSITIVE charge
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| Electron | subatomic particle with NEGATIVe Charge
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| amu | Atomic Mass Unit - Defined as 1/12 the mass of the carbon atom
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| Rutherford's experiment | Gold foil was bombarded with positive particles - who deflected paths rather than pass straight through - the NUCLEUS surrounded by mostly empty space
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| Atomic number | Equals # of PROTONS in element
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| Mass number | Mass number = number of protons plus number of neutrons
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element with a different number of NEUTRONS Ex. Mg - can be Mg24/12 Mg 25/12 or Mg 26/12
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| How can you tell it is an isotope? | Write Atomic Symbol with mass number on top, element in middle, atomic number on bottom
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| Atomic mass-how do you determine? | AVERAGE of weights of all isotopes of the element
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| Calculate Atomic Mass | Multiply isotope by its mass times its "abundance" (percent found) = average atom
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| Atomic spectrum | Each element creates unique pattern of colors when light emitted from a heated element is passed through a prism
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| Quantized | Refers to different energy levels in atomic pathways
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| Sublevels | Energy levels within atoms; contain electrons with identical energy
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| Orbital | Region//pathway where electron is likely to be found
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| Pauli exclusion principle | States that any given orbital can hold up to 2 electrons but no more
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| Orbital diagram | Electron configurations/pathways
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| Electron configuration | Patterns of energy within the structure of the atoms
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| alkali | A (first group) includes Li (lithium) K Potassium and Na (sodium)
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| alkaline earh metals | Begins with Be (Berium) Mg (magnesium) Calcium (Ca)
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| Halogens | F (flourine) Cl (chlorine) Br (bromine) react quick as HAL-ogens
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| isotope | Atoms with different numbers of neutrons (DOUBLE O's in isotope mean double neutrons)
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| How can you tell it's an isotope? | Look at mass number - written top right "isolated" from regular atoms
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| How referred? | Magnesium-24, Magnesium-25, Magnesium 26
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| copper Cu is in what part of periodic table? | transition elements
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