Intro to communication Final
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The process by which we use signs, symbols and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning. | Communication
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One way process | action model
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encode | to put your idea in the form of language or a gesture that someone can understand.
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message | consists of the verbal and/or nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.
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a type of pathway for conveying messages | channel
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to interpret | decode
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receiver | the person who will decode the message
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noise | anything that interferes with a reciver's ability to attend to your message.
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various verbal and nonverbal responses to your message | feedback
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the environment that you're in | context
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channel-rich contexts | environments that incorporate multiple communication channels at once.
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channel-lean contexts | environments that use relatively fewer channels.
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a representation of an idea | symbol
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communication about communication | meta-communication
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explicit rules | someone has clearly articulated them
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implicit rules | rules that almost everyone in a certain social group knows and follows, even though no one has formally articulated them.
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communication you have with yourself | intrapersonalcommunication
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communication that occurs between two people in the context of their ongoing relationship. | interpersonal Communication
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small group communication | communication in groups of 3-20 people
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public communication | occurs when we speak or write to an audience that is larger than a small group
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communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate in a given situation. | communication competence
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the ability to understand other people's thoughts and feelings | empathy
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Culture | the totality of learned shared symbols, language, values and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
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Societies | groups of people who share common symbols, language, value and norms.
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In-group | groups of people with which a person identifies.
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Out-groups | groups of people with which a person does not identify
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Ethnicity | our perception of our ancestry or heritage.
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Nationality | our status as a citizen of a particular country.
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Enculturation | the process of acquiring a culture.
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Co-cultures | groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual intrests or characteristics besides their national citizenship.
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Values | the standards it uses to judge how good, desirable, or beautiful something is.
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Norms | rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in a culture.
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Jargon | terminology that is understood only by others in the same co-culture.
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Individualistic culture | people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
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Collectivistic culture | people are taught that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers.
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Low-context culture | people are expected to be direct, to say what they mean, and to not “beat around the bush”.
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High-context culture | taught to speak in a much less direct way than individuals in a low-context culture.
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Low-power distance culture | the belief that all men and women are created equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power.
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High-power distance culture | power is distributed less evenly; certain groups, such as the royal family or the members of the ruling political party, have great power, and the average citizen has much less.
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Masculine culture | values ambition, achievement, and the acquisition of material goods.
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Feminine culture | values nurturance, quality of life, and service to others.
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Monochromic | time as a commodity
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Polychromic | time as more holistic and fluid and less structured.
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Uncertainty avoidance | the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
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Mindful | aware of how their behaviors and ways of thinking are likely to differ from our own.
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Similarity assumption | we presume that most people think the same way we do, without asking ourselves whether that’s true.
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Ethnocentrism | the tendency to judge other cultures’ practices as inferior to one’s own.
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Communication codes | verbal and nonverbal behaviors whose meanings are often understood only by people from the same culture
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Idiom | a phrase whose meaning is purely figurative
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Gestures | movements, usually of the hand or arm, that express ideas.
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Ambiguity | lack of certainty
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Adapt | to change your behavior to accommodate what others are doing.
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Perception | the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us.
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Selection | the process by which your mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to.
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Organization | the classification of information in some way.
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Perceptual schema | a mental framework for organizing information into categories.
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Interpretation | to figure out its meaning for you
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Stereotype | a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we perceive other people and their communication behavior.
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Primacy effect | first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions.
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Recency effect | the most recent impression we have of a person’s communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions.
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Perceptual set | a person’s predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants or expects to perceive.
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Attribution | an explanation
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Self-serving bias | relates primarily to how we explain our own behaviors, refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to stable, internal causes while attributing our failures to unstable, external causes.
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Fundamental attribution error | we attribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than external causes.
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Self-concept | composed of those stable ideas about who you are
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Identity | you understanding of who you are.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy | a situation in which an expectation prompts you to act and communicate in ways that make that expectation come true.
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Facework | the behaviors we use to project that image to others
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Face | our desired public image
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Face needs | important components of our desired public image
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Language | a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
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Denotative meaning | the literal meaning
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Connotative meaning | the ideas or concepts that the word suggests in addition to its literal meaning
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Norm of reciprocity | when someone gives you some type of gift or resource, you are expected to return the favor.
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Social validation principle | people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying.
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Euphemism | a vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something that is blunter or harsher.
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Nonverbal communication | behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words.
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Nonverbal channels | the various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes
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Oculesics | the study of eye behavior, as a separate nonverbal channel
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Kinesics | the study of movement
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Gesticulation | the use of arm and hand movements to communicate
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Emblems | any gesture that have a direct verbal translation
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Illustrators | gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it.
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Affect display | gestures that communicate emotion
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Regulators | gestures that control the flow of conversation
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Adaptors | gestures you use to satisfy some personal need
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Haptics | the study of how we use touch to communicate
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Vocalics | speaking with a particular tone of voice to suggest that you are irritated, amused or bored
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Olfactics | study of the sense of smell
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Proxemics | the study of the use of space
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Intimate distance | the zone of space willingly occupied only with intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners.
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Personal distance | the zone of space occupied with close friends and relatives.
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Social distance | the zone of space occupied with casual acquaintances
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Public distance | the zone of space maintained during a public presentation.
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Halo effect a predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people. |
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Chronemics | the use of time
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Artifacts | objects and visual features that reflect a person’s identity and preferences
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Listening | the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message.
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Hearing | the sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds
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Attending | paying attention to someone’s words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate.
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HURIER model | a model describing the stages of effective listening as hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding.
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Informational listening | listening to learn
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Critical listening | listening to evaluate or to analyze
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Empathetic listening | listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels.
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Pseudolistening | pretending to listen.
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Selective attention | listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest
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Information overload | the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day.
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Glazing over | daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking.
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Rebuttal tendency | the propensity to debate a speaker’s point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking
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Closed-mindedness | the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees.
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Competitive interrupting | the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation
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Confirmation bias | the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one’s values and beliefs, while discounting or ignoring information that does not.
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Vividness effect | the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one’s perceptions of reality.
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Skepticism | an attitude that involves raising questions or having doubts.
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Need to belong theory | a psychological theory proposing a fundamental human inclination to bond with others
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Attraction theory | a theory that explains why individuals are drawn to others.
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Interpersonal attraction | the force that draws people together.
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Physical attraction | attraction to someone’s appearance
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Social attraction | attraction to someone’s personality
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Task attraction | attraction to someone’s abilities or dependability.
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Proximity | closeness, as in how closely together people live or work.
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Complementarity | the beneficial provision by another person of a quality that one lacks
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Uncertainty reduction theory | theory suggesting that people find uncertainty to be unpleasant, so they are motivated to reduce their uncertainty by getting to know others.
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Social exchange theory | theory suggesting that people seek to maintain relationships in which their benefits outweigh their cost.
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Self-disclosure | act of intentionally giving others information about oneself that believes is true but thinks others don’t already have
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Social penetration theory | indicates that the depth and breadth of self-disclosure helps us learn about a person we’re getting to know.
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Breadth | the range of topics one discusses with various people
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Interdependence | the state in which what happens tone person affects everyone else in the relationship
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Dialectical tensions | conflicts between two important but opposing relational needs or desires.
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Polygamy | the state of having two or more romantic partners at once
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Monogamy | the state of being in only one romantic relationship at a time and avoiding romantic or sexual involvement with others outside that relationship
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Initiating stage | the stage of relationship development at which people meet and interact for the first time
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Experimenting stage | the stage of relationship development at which people converse to learn more about each other.
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Intensifying stage | the stage of relationship development at which people move from being acquaintance to being close friends.
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Integrating stage | the stage of relationship development at which a deep commitment has formed and the partners share a strong sense that the relationship has its own identity
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Bonding stage | the stage of relationship development at which partners make a public announcement of their commitment to each other.
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Communication privacy management theory | a theory explaining how people in relationships negotiate the tension between disclosing information and keeping it private
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Differentiating stage | the stage of relationship dissolution at which partners begin to view their differences as undesirable or annoying.
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Circumscribing stage | partners begin to decrease the quality and quantity of their communication with each other
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Stagnating stage | the relationship stops growing and the partners feel as if they are just “going through the motions.”
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Avoiding stage | partners create physical and emotional distance from each other.
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Terminating stage | the relationship is officially deemed to be over
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Family of origin | the family in which one grows up, usually consisting of parents and siblings.
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Family of procreation | the family one starts as an adult, usually consisting of a spouse or romantic partner and children.
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Family rituals | repetitive activities that have special meaning to the family.
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Confirming messages | behaviors that convey how much another person is valued
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Disconfirming messages | behaviors that imply a lack of respect or value of others.
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Stonewalling | withdrawing from a conversation
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Cohesion | the force by which the members of a group work together in the service of a common goal.
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Resources | entitles that enable a group to be productive.
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Synergy | a collaboration that produces more than the sum of its parts.
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Social loafing | the tendency of some members of a group to contribute less to the group than the average member does, particularly as the group grows in size.
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Brainstorming | an idea-generating process in which group members offer whatever ideas they wish before any are debated.
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Nominal group technique | an idea-generating process in which group members generate their initial ideas silently and independently and then combine tem and consider them as a group.
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Ideawritng | each member adds three or four ideas to a pile and then offers comments on others’ ideas. Afterward, members respond to comments made about their ideas and generate a master list of ideas worth of consideration.
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Unanimous consensus | uncontested support for a decision sometimes the only option in a group’s decision-making process.
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Stalemate | an outcome where members’ opinions are so sharply divided that consensus is impossible to achieve.
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False consensus | an outcome where some members of a group say they support the unanimous decision even though they do not.
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Majority rule | a decision- making process that follows the will of the majority.
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Minority rule | a small number of members makes a decision on behalf of the group.
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Expert opinion | recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that are sometimes the basis of a group’s decision-making process.
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Authority rule | the leader of the group makes the decisions.
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Traits | defining characteristics of a person that are often relatively enduring and not easily changeable.
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Extroversion | people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others.
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Introversion | people who are shy, reserved, and aloof
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Communication apprehension | anxiety or fear about communicating with others
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Democratic style | every member of a group has the right to participate in decision making.
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Autocratic style | leader see themselves as having both the authority and responsibility to take action on the group’s behalf
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Reward power | based on the leader’s ability to reward another for doing what the leaders says
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Laissez-faire style | leaders offer minimal supervision
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Coercive power | a form of power that comes from the ability to punish
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Referent power | a form of power that derives from attraction to the leader
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Legitimate power | a form of power in which leaders’ status or position gives them the right to make requests with which others must comply
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Expert power | a form of power that stems from having expertise in particular area.
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Informational power | a form of power that stems from the ability to control access to information.
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Groupthink | a situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts.
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