Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids & Esters
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| General Formula for Aldehydes | RCHO
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| General Formula for Ketones | RCOR
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| General Formula for Carboxylic Acids | RCOOH
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| General Formula for Esters | RCOOR'
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| What is the functional group in an Aldehyde and where is it located? | One or more CARBONYL groups (-CHO) are located at the END of the carbon chain.
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| What is the functional group in a Ketone and where is it located? | The CARBONYL group (C=O) is located in the WITHIN of the carbon chain-NOT at the end.
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| What is the functional group in a Carboxylic Acid? | The CARBOXYL group (-COOH)
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| Esters are produced by the reaction of an _____?______ with an _____?_____. | Esters are produced by the reaction of an ORGANIC ACID with an ALCOHOL. ex: RCOOH(carboxylic acid)+ ROH(alcohol)= RCOOR'(ester)+ water (water removed=dehydration)
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| What is an organic compound containing two aldehyde (-CHO) radicals called? | A Dialdehyde
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| Name three examples of Aldehydes. | 1. Methanal (formaldehyde; HCHO) 2. Ethanal (acetaldehyde) 3. Benzaldehyde
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| Aldehydes are formed by the ______?______ of _______?________. | Aldehydes are formed by the OXIDATION of A PRIMARY ALCOHOL.
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| How do we name Aldehydes? | 1. Start w/the parent hydrocarbon -e (Methane-e=Methan) 2. Add -al (Methan+al=Methanal)
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| Name two examples of Dialdehydes. | 1. Glyoxal (simplest. 2 carbonyl groups bonded together) 2. Glutaraldehyde (excellent germicide; Cold/Liquid sterilizing agent)
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| What is Formalin? | Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% by volume.
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| What does HCHO form when it polymerizes? | Paraformaldehyde or solid formaldehyde. METHANOL slows polymerization. Polymerization occurs when a bottle of arterial is exposed to cold temps, has expired shelf life, the pH is less than 6.5, etc. Shouldn't embalm with this!
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| Name an example of a Ketone. | Propanone (acetone; dimethyl ketone). Dissolves sticky stuff on skin or fingernails.
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| Ketones are formed by the ______?_______ of a _____________?____________. | Ketones are formed by the OXIDATION of a SECONDARY ALCOHOL.
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| How do we name Ketones with two different radical (R) groups? | Ketone general formula = RCOR. Put them in alphabetical order and put "Ketone" on the end. Ex: Ethyl group (R) + C=O + Methyl group (R) would be named ethylmethylketone.
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| Of Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Ethers, which 2 are neutralization products in an arterial fluid? | Carboxylic Acids & Esters.
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| Give three examples of salts used in arterial solutions that act as anticoagulants/sequestering/chelating agents for the calcium in hard water. | 1. Oxylates 2. Citrates 3. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetrasodiumacetate)
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| Give two examples of Carboxylic Acids. | 1. Methanoic Acid (formic acid) 2. Ethanoic acid (acetic acid; vinegar)
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| Explain the process of how an Alkane oxidizes to become a Carboxylic Acid. | An Alkane oxidizes to become an Alcohol, which oxidizes to become an Aldehyde, which oxidizes to become a Carboxylic Acid. ex: Methane--O2-->Methanol--O2-->Methanal--O2--> Methanoic Acid.
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| Explain the processof how a reduction reaction can turn a Carboxylic Acid into an Alkane. | A Carboxylic Acid reduces to an Aldehyde, which reduces to an Alcohol, which reduces to an Alkane. ex. Ethanoic Acid or Acetic Acid -->Ethanal-->Ethanol-->Ethane
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| An Ester is formed from an ____?____ and _______?________ by the removal of _____?_____. | An Ester is formed from an ALCOHOL and ORGANIC (CARBOXYLIC) ACID by the removal of WATER.
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| Give two examples of Esters. | 1. Ethyl acetate 2. Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen)
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| What do Esters usually end in? | They usually end in -ate or -oate
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