AS chemistry (Salters) definitions for unit F332
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| Ionisation enthalpy | “the energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to make one mole of gaseous ions – e.g. Na(g) → Na+(g) + e-
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| Hydrolysis | reaction with water or reaction with OH- (to make alcohols)
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| Nucleophile | “a molecule or negatively charged ion with a lone pair of electrons that it can donate to a positively charged atom to form a covalent bond”
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| Enthalpy profile | “a plot of reaction progress against enthalpy”
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| Activation enthalpy | “the minimum kinetic energy required by colliding particles before reaction will occur”
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| Catalyst | “a substance which speeds up a reaction but can be recovered chemically unchanged at the end. It works by providing an alternative pathway of lower activation enthalpy”
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| Homogeneous | “when reactants and catalysts are in the same physical state”
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| Heterogeneous | “when reactants and catalysts are in different physical states”
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| Dynamic equilibrium | “a reaction when the forward and back reactions are occurring at the same rate. The concentrations of the products and reactants remains constant and it occurs in a closed system”
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| Le Chatelier’s principle | “if a system is at equilibrium and a change is made in any of the conditions, then the system responds to counteract the change”
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| Homolytic bond fission | “forms radicals”
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| Heterolytic bond fission | forms ions
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| Elimination reaction | “a small molecule is removed from a larger one leaving an unsaturated molecule”
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| Addition polymerisation | “where 2 or more molecules react to form a single larger one”
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| Addition reaction | “where 2 or more molecules react to form a single larger one”
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| Electrophile | “a positively charged ion or a molecule with a partial positive charge that will be attracted to a negatively charged region and react by accepting a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
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| Carbocation | positively charged carbon atom
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| Substitution reaction | when one functional group on an organic molecule is substituted for another one.
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| Thermoplastic | a polymer which can be repeatedly heated and reshaped
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| Thermoset | polymers which contain extensive crosslinking which prevents remoulding even when heated
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| Co-polymer | “when more than one monomer is used during an addition polymerisation”
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| Electronegativity | “the attraction of an atom for a pair of electrons in a covalent bond”
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| Radical | a chemical with an unpaired electron
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