ch 9, 15, 19, 20
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| what are the respiratory components of the medulla oblongata | dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
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| what are the pontine resp. centers? | apneustic and pneumotoxic center
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| the drgs consist of mostly | inspiratory neurons
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| the DRGS recieve inspiratory impulses from what monitoring systems | central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, peripheral proprioceptors and higher brain centers
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| what can cause a temp. cessation of breathing | sudden pain and sudden cold
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| what will readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier | CO2 molecules
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| when the blood pressure increases the aortic bodies and carotid bodies initiate reflexes that cause what? | heart rate and resp rate to decrease to balance out the delivery of oxygen to the tissues
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| when are the peripheral chemoreceptors significantly activated? | low PaO2 (60 mmhg) SaO2 90%
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| peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to | low PO2,decreased pH,increased PCO2 and increase temperature
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| stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors cause? | peripherial vasoconstrictin, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic arterial hypertension, tachycardia, and left ventricular performance
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| when are the peripheral chemoreceptors suppresed? | when the PaO2 falls below 30 mmhg
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| where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located? | outside the CNS usually in the wall of the blood vessel.
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| what are the reflexes that influence ventilation? | Hering-Breuer Reflex, Deflation Reflex, Irritant, Juxtapulmonary capillary, peripheral proprioceptor, hypothalamic controls, corical controls, reflexes from the aortic and carotid sinus barorecptors
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| periferal proprioceptor reflexes | maintain and initiate increased resp rate. i.e increases resp rate during excercise
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| where are the periferal properioceptors located | muscle,tendon,joints, pain receptors in the muscle and skin,
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| cortical controls | voluntary control; conscious control to change the rate and depth of breathing
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| what is the role of cerebral cortex in regulation of ventilation | conscious control of ventilation
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| which nerves are used to transmit signals to the resp components in the medulla | glossopharyngeal nerve (9 cranial nerve) & the vagus nerve (10 cranial nerve)
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| which nerve innervates the aortic bodies | vagus nerve
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| which nerve innervates the carotid peripheral chemorecptors | glossopharyngeal nerve
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| what is the most powerful stimulus known to influence the resp components of the medulla | an increased H+ hydrogen ion in the cerebrospinal fluid
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| hering-breuer reflex | called the inflation reflex; via the vagus nerve, a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lungs; causes inspiration to cease.
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| where is the hering-breuer reflex located | in the visceral pleura and in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
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| juxtapulmonary-capillary receptors | trggers a rapid shallow breathing pattern
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| what stimulations the j receptors | alveolar inflammation, pulmonary capillary congestion and edems, pulmonary emboli
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| when the systemic blood pressue increases the aortic and carotid sinus barorecptors initiate reflexes that cause | decreased vent and heart rate
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| hypothalamic controls | excitement causes increase resp rate and increase body temp causes a decrease resp rate
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| what factors cause an increase pulmonary vascular resistance | decreased pH (acidemia) Epinephrine, dopamine, norepeinephrine, histamine, mech vent, serotonin
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| what factors cause a decrease pvr | OXYGEN, calcium-channel blocking agents, acetylcholine, bradykinin
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| what factors increase systemic vascular resistance? | dopamine, epinepherin, norepinepherin, hypovolemia, decreased PC02
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| what factors decrease svr | nitroglyverin, morphine, septic shock (early stages), increased PCO2
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| pathological factors that increase pvr | pulmonary emboli, tumor mass, emphysema, pneumothorax
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| what determines stroke volume | preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility
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| stroke volume | volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction
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| stroke volume formula | sv= CO/HR= beats/min
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| which hemodynamic values are measured? | cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressue, right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure
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| which hemodynamic values are calculated? | strok volume, stroke volume index, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular restistance, right ventricle stroke work index, left ventricle stroke work index
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| what is the normal range for central venous pressure? | 0-8 mmhg
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| what is the normal range for right atrial pressure | 0-8 mmhg
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| what is the normal range for cardiac output | 4-8 l/min
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| normal range for mean pulmonary artery pressure | 9-18 mmhg
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| normal range for pcwp | 4-12 mmhg
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| normal range for stroke volume | 60-130 ml
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| normal range for SVI | 30-65 mL/beat/m^2
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| normal range for cardiac index | 2.5-4.2 L/min/m^2
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| normal range for RVSWI | 7-12 g m/m^2
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| normal range for LVSWI | 40-60g m/m^2
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| normal range for PVR | 20-120 dynes x sec. cm ^-5
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| normal range for svr | 800-1500 dynes.sec.cm^ -5
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| normal range for BSA | 1.5-2 m^2
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| stroke volume index equation | SVI= SV/BSA
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| what is the calc measurement that reflects the afterload on the right ventricle | PVR
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| what is the calc measure the afterload of the left ventricle | SVR
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| hemodynamics | study of forces that influence the circulation of blood
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| SVI reflects | contractility of the heart, overall blood volume status, and the amount of venous return
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| what is the cardiac index | heart performance to the size of the individual
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| cardiac index equation | CI= CO/BSA
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| what factors will increase SV,CO,RVSWI,LVSWI? | Epinepherine, norepinepherine, hyperthermia,dopamine,hypervolemia,decreased vascular resistance
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| what factors will DECREASE SV,CO, RVSWI, LVSWI? | drugs ending in "lol" hypovolemia, mech vent, pulmonary emboli, increased vascular resistance
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| equation for PVR | PVR= (PA-PCWP/CO)x 80
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| SVR | SVR= (MAP-CVP/CO) x80
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| RVSWI | RVSWI= SVI*(PA-CVP)*0.0136
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| LVSWI | LVSWI=SVI*(MAP-PCWP)*0.0136
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| at what altitude is the barometric pressure approx half of the sea level value | 18000-19000 ft
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| is the O2 diffusion capacity of high altitude natives higher or lower than low landers? by how much? | higher by 20-25%
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| what are the symptoms of acute mountain sickness | palpitation, dizziness, insomnia, nasuea, fatigue,
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