Chapter 17 Lipids
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| Types of lipids | fatty acids and steriods
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| types of steroids | cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones
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| essential fatty acids | linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid
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| what is an essential fatty acid? | Polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize enough of, on its own.
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| Boiling point of saturated fatty acids | Higher because the fatty acids fit close together in a regular pattern
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| Boiling point of monounsaturated fatty acids... | Lower because the fatty acids have a kink (cis bond) that makes them not fit as closely together.
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| Boiling point of polyunsaturated fatty acids... | Lowest because the fatty acids have multiple kinks (cis bonds) that make them not fit as closely together.
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| Solubility of saturated fatty acids... | Least soluble because the chains fit together very closely (solids at room temperature)
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| Solubility of monounsaturated fatty acids... | More soluble because the chains fit less closely together due to one double bond (liquids at room temperature)
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| Solubility of polyunsaturated fatty acids... | Most soluble because the chains don't fit very closely together at all due to multiple double bonds (liquids at room temperature)
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| Prostaglandins (Eicosaniods) | Hormone-like substances
Formed from arachidonic acid
Create inflammation and pain, raise or lower blood pressure, stimulate contraction or relaxation of the uterus during child birth
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| Prostaglandin E | Has a ketone group on carbon 9, and a hydroxyl group on carbon 11
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| Prostaglandin F | Has 2 hydroxyl groups... one on carbon 9 the other on carbon 11
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| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | Block production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid decreasing pain, fever, and inflammation
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| Waxes | ester of a saturated fatty acid and long-chain alcohol (each containing 14-30 carbons)
Used for waterproofing
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| Triacylglycerol Function | They are the major form of energy storage for animals
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| Fat | A triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature
Usually comes from animal sources
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| Oil | A triacylglycerol that is usually liquid at room temperature.
Obtained from plant sources
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| Catalyst for hydrogenation | Nickel catalyst
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| Oxidation of fats and oils produces... | Short-chain fatty acids and aldehydes
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| Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols produces... | Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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| Catalyst of hydrolysis | HCl, H2SO4, and lipases
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| Saponification | fat or oil + strong base ==> glycerol +salts of fatty acids (soaps)
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| When NaOH is used in saponification... | A solid soap is produced
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| When KOH or polyunsaturated oils are used in saponification... | A softer, liquid soap is produced
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| Diester | When a phosphoric acid forms an ester bond between itself and 2 hydroxyl groups of alcohols
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| Lecithins | Glycerophopholipids containing choline
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| Cephalins | Glycerophospholipids containing ethanolamine
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| Glycerophospholipids are found in... | Brain and nerve tissues, egg yolks, wheat germ, and yeast
Most abundant lipids in cell membranes
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| Polar "head" (hydrophillic) | Ionized amine and phosphate portion
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| Nonpolar "tails" (hydrophobic) | Two fatty acids attached to glycerol
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| Ceramide | The -NH2 group of sphingosine is attached by an amide link to a fatty acid
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| Sphingomyelins | The -OH of a ceramide forms a phosphate ester of choline
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| Function of sphingomyelins | To increase the speed of nerve impulses and to insulate and protect the nerve cells
Found in the white matter of myelin sheaths
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| Cerebroside | Sphingolipids that have one monosaccharide forming a B-glycosidic bond with the -OH of the ceramide
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| Function of cerebrosides | Present primarily in brain and myelin sheath
Important to cellular recognition and tissue immunity on the surface of cell membranes
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| Ganglioside | A cerebroside that contains two to seven monosaccharides
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| Function of ganglioside | Found in neurons of the brain and on the surface of cell membranes where they act as receptors for hormones, viruses, and certain drugs
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| Steroids | Compounds containing the steroid nucleus (3 cyclohexane rings and rings and one cyclopentane ring)
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| Cholesterol | Is a sterol because it contains an oxygen atom as a hydroxy group on carbon 3.
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| The liver synthesizes cholesterol from... | Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
There is no cholesterol in vegetable and plant products
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| Bile Salts | Synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and stored in the gallbladder
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| Function of bile salts | Breaking apart and emulsifying large globules of fat. Form larger surface areas for digestive enzymes.
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| Lipoproteins | Spherical particles with an outer surface of polar proteins and glycerophospholipids that surround hundreds of nonpolar molecules of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters
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| Function of lipoproteins | Form water-soluble complexes that can transport lipids through the blood stream.
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| Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) Cylomicrons | Transport triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and cholesterol to tissues for storage or to muscles for energy.
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| Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) "Bad Cholesterol" | Transport cholesterol to tissues to be used for the synthesis of cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile salts.
When levels get high LDLs deposit cholesterol in arteries causing plaque build-up.
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| High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) "Good Cholesterol" | Remove excess cholesterol from tissues and carry it to the liver where it's eliminated.
Excess HDL is carried to the liver and eliminated.
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| Adrenal Corticosteroids | Aldosterone, Cortisone, Prednisone
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| Steroid Hormones | Testosterone, Androsterone, Estrogen, Progeterone
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| Most of the glycerophopholipids in the lipid bilayer contain unsaturated fatty acids... | There are kinks because of the cis bonds, making the glycerophospholipids not fit very closely together making cell membranes fluid-like
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| Function of cholesterol in cell membranes... | Provide structure and decrease flexibility
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| Simple Diffusion | Ions and molecules go from high concentration to low concentration. Examples... O2, H2O, urea
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| Facilitated Diffusion | Ions and molecules use integral proteins to go from high concentration to low concentration. Used for speed. Examples... Cl-, glucose
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| Active Transport | Ions and molecules go from low concentration to high concentration. Requires energy (ATP). Examples... Na+, K+, Ca++
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| Estrogen | Aids in female sexual characteristics
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| Testosterone | Aids in male sexual characteristics
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| Progesterone | Prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg
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| Norethindrone | Birth control pill
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| Recommended cholesterol | Total ==> 200mg/dL. LDL ==> less than 130mg/dL. HDL==> greater than 40mg/dL.
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| Omega 6 is found in... | Vegetables
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| Omega 3 is found in... | Fish
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| Functions of lipids | Structure, energy storage, chemical signals, protection, vitamins and pigments
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