Chapter 1-Production & properties of x-ray beam
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| What is the device that creates the x-ray beam? | x-ray tube
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| What is another name for X-ray tube? | x-ray insert
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| What is used to define the size of the x-ray beam to the area or body part being irradiated? | Collimator box
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| What, contained within the collimator box, blocks the portion of the beam that is not needed? | lead plates, shutters
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| What is the only useful part of the x-ray beam? | The part that is projected toward the patient
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| -electric current running through the stator, that produces a magnetic field that turns the metal rotor | electromagnetic induction
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| Cathode contains ___ filaments and has a ____ charge. | 2 ; negative
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| How many of the two filaments is heated during a exposure? | only one
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| The filament is heated in order to do what? | to liberate electrons
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| What is the process of heating filament in order to liberate electrons called? | thermionic emission
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| What is filament made from and why? | tungsten bc of its high melting point
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| What controls the degree of filament heating? | mA - milliampere
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| As the temp increases, the rate of emission will ? | increase
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| What repels and contains the electrons in a small space so that they can be accurately focused on the anode disk? | the focusing cup
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| - "prep" the tube by heating one of the filaments so that electrons are emitted and hover in the tube in an electron cloud | Boost-and-hold stage
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| The boost is considered the _______. | thermionic emission
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| The time before the exposure is made? | The hold
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| The tungsten layer of the tube inhibits? | Heat dissipation from the tube
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| The __________ allows for better heat distribution over the face of the disk when the disk is bombarded by electrons during an exposure. | rotating anode
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| The area on which the electrons bombard the anode disk is called _______. | focal spot
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| The flow of electrons from cathode to anode constitutes the _____________. | Tube current
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| Tube current is measured in? | mA, milliamperes
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| What determines the speed at which the electrons move from cathode to anode ? | kV, kilovolt
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| Raising the kV will make the electrons travel? | Faster
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| The energy of the x-rays produced within the disk depends what? | the speed or kinetic energy of the electrons
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| Thicker anatomical parts require what kind of kV setting? thinner parts? | thicker = higher
thinner = lower
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| The nucleus of an atom contains what? | protons & neutrons
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| the electrons of an atom still feel an electrostatic attraction to the protons in the nucleus, this is called _________________ | binding energy
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| Inner-most shell has higher or lower binding energy? | higher
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| What is the binding energy for level K? | 69 kV
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| The sudden deceleration causes release of kinetic energy in the form of x-radation, known as: | brensstrahlung radiation, brems radiation.
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| _______ occurs when a neutral atom either loses or gains an electron. | Ionization
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| ________ occurs when a neutral atom loses one of its electrons. | Positive ionization
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| _________ occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron. | Negative ionization
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| Why is the x-ray beams considered to be heterogeneous or polyenergetic? | bc it contains many different energies ranging from low to high
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| Doing what to the beam will protect the patient by absorbing the lower energy x-rays? | filtering
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| What are the two types of radation are x-ray beams made of? | Brems & Characteristic
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| Name the 4 conditions necessary for the production of x-ray: | 1. boiling/separation off of electrons
2. production of high speed electrons
3. concentration of electrons
4. sudden slowing or stopage of electrons
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| The boiling or separation of electrons is a process known as? | thermionic emission or the edison effect
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| The controling factor of thermionic emission is? | mA
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| What effect on density does thermionic emission have? | increases it
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| increasing the heat in the filament, what effect does that have on the # of electrons being boiled off? | increases them
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| What controls the quantity of photons? | mA
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| What starts the boiling process? | hitting the rotor switch
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| How do you overcome the negative effect of space charge? | increase kVp
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| What is the controlling factor of the speed and strength of the photons? | kVp
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| increase the speed, will do what to the kinetic energy produced? | increase it
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| What handles the concentration of electrons? | focusing cup
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| What is the difference between photon speed and electron speed? | Electron speed can vary; photon speed is constant
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| What controls the sudden slowing or stopping of electrons? | target or anode
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| What will determine the amt of projectile electrons? | mA
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| What makes up the majority of the x-ray beam? | brems radiation
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| The more energy the projectile electron loses per interaction, the _________ the brems photon will be. | stronger
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| What are the 3 courses of action an electron can take that is characteristic of Brems radiation? | -attracted to proton and curved
- repelled & curved
-direct hit on neclues, stopped and all is kinetic energy
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| If the photon is stopped instantly, it will be weak?strong? | strong
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| In order for (K) Characteristic radiation to be produced, the projectile electron has to have energy that is __________________ than the binding energy of the k-shell. | greater than or equal to
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| What type of characteristic radiation is the only one that is strong enough to be useful? | K-characteristic
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| If kVp is able to produce k-characteristic radation, atom is _________ because electron is moved out of K shell. | ionized
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| What are the 3 regions of electromagnetic spectrum? | Visible light, radio frequency, x-radiation
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| List the following in order from lowest/longest to shortest/highest according to the electromagnetic spectrum; gamma, radio, infra-red, x-ray | radio, infra-red, x-ray, gamma
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| What are the 3 reasons for reduced intensity of x-ray emission at low energies? | 1.electrons dont all reach peak kinetic energy
2.brems radiation may happen many times getting weaker each time
3.filters remove the low energy photons
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| - how often the crests of a wave occur | frequency
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| What is the symbol of frequency? | Nu
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| What is the unit of measurement of frequency? | Hz
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| The higher the frequency the _______ the photon is. | stronger
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| Increaseing kVp will have what effect on the kinetic energy of the electron? | increases the kinetic energy
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| Increasing the kVp will have what effct on the strength of the x-ray photon created? | increase the strength
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| increasing the kVp will do what to the speed of the projectile electron that is traveling from the (-) to (+) | increases the speed
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| Increasing the kVp will have what effect on the frequency of the photon? | increases the frequency
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| Increasing the kVp, will have what effect on the wavelength of the photon? | decreases the wavelength
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| -the distance between the crests of a wave | wavelength
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| What is the symbol of the wavelength? What unit of measurement is used? | Lambda
Angstrom
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| The longer the wavelength the ______ the photon. | weaker
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| -refers to the strongest photon in the beam of radiation | minimum wavelength
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| What effect on wavelength does increasing the kVp have? | shortens the wavelength
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| Strong photon has what frequency and wavelength characteristics? | high frequency
short wavelength
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| What is the symbol of the speed of light? | C
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| What is the speed of light? | 186,000 miles/sec
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| What is the formula that shows the relationship of frequency and wavelength to light? | C= nu(lambda)
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| What is the wave particle duality phenomena? | A photon (pure energy) acts as tho it has the characteristics of matter
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| Increasing the kVp will have what effect on the projectile electron's kinetic energy? | increase it
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| Increasing the kVp will have what effect on the efficiency of x-ray production? | increase it.
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