Cumulative Final
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| Regarding beam limitation, the size dof the x-ray beam should always be restricted to the __________ and collimation should be evident on ________ sides of the image. | Region of interest, all 4
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| According to the NRC regulations the embryo/fetus does for the entire pregnancy cannot exceed ___ mSv, ___ rem or ___mrem. | 5 mSv .5 rem 500 mrem
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| The ___ is a regulatory agency responsible for protecting both the public and occupationally exposed individuals from the effects of ionizing radiation. | NRC
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| When no threshold dose for radiation exists, the effect is known as _____. | Stochastic
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| _____ is a deterministic effect of ionizing radiation on the eyes. | Cataracts
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| Radiation exposure limits pertinent to the protection of radiation workers are known as __________ limits. | Dose equivalent
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| The annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is ___ rem. | 5
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| The annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is ____ mrem. | 5000
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| The annual effective dose limit for the general public to ionizing radiation is ___ rem. | .5
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| What is the dose limit for a 21-year-old radiation worker? | 21 rem
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| What are the three Cardinal Principles of Radiation protection? | Time Distance Shielding
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| If the distance between the individual and the source of radiation is doubled, the exposure to the individual will be reduced by a factor of ____. | Four
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| For an individual to reduce exposure by a factor of 25 the distance between the individual and source of ionizing radiation should be ________ | Increased by a factor of five
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| Secondary barriers protect against _____ and _____. | Leakage and scatter
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| List two protective devices. | Gonadal shield Lead apron
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| Protective aprons and gloves are usually made of lead-impregnated vinyl within the range of _____ lead equivalency. | .25 - 1.0 mm
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| For fluoroscopic procedures with a kVp of 100 or more, the protective apron must possess a minimum of ____ lead equivalent. | .5 mm
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| Proper collimation _____ scatter radiation. | Reduces.
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| Using techical factors where _____ kVp and _____ mAs are chosen minimizes patient dose. | High Low
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| The NCRP recommends a minimum total filtration of _____ for x-ray equipment operating above 70 kVp. | 2.5 mm al/eq.
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| The use of a grid in a radiographic procedure will result in a/an _____ in patient dose. | Increase
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| Special gonadal shields should be employed any time the gonads are within _____ cm of the primary beam. | 4-5
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| The lenses of the eyes will receive the greatest dose during the AP or PA skull procedure? | AP skull
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| A fetus is most radiosensitive during _____ post-conception. | 8-15 weeks
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| What does ALARA stand for? | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| A compound filter uses ____ or more materials to enhance the absorbing ability of the filter. | Two
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| The percentage of attenuated photons _____ as photon energy increases, even when filtration is increased. | Decreases
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| When filtration is increased, technical factors must be _____ to maintain the same density. | Increased
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| Total filtration is equal to the sum of _____ and _____ filtration. | Inherent Added
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| Does filtration remove a portion of the useful beam? | Yes
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| The _____ portion of a wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient. | Thickest
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| Any filtration that occurs outside the tube and housing is considered to be _____ filtration. | Added
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| _____ filtration is the filtration found within the tube design. | Inherent
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| In diagnostic radiology, filtration is typically added between the _____ and the patient. | Source or tube
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| Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable _____ x-ray photons by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam. | Low energy
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| Filtration permits the radiographer to _____ the photon emission spectrum into a more useful beam. | Narrow or harden
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| Increased filtration _____ patient dose. | Reduces
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| In general, low energy x-ray photons are _____ by the patient. | Absorbed
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| Name three materials considered filters in the x-ray tube: | Aluminum Glass Oil
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| The most common filter material used is _____. | Aluminum
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| All filtration can be expressed in terms of _____. | Al/Eq.
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| Define half value layer. | The amount of material or filtration needed to reduce the beam to one-half of its original intensity.
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| The collimator is categorized as _____ filtration. | Added
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| How many half-value layers must be added to the primary beam to reduce its intensity to less than 20% of its original value? | 3
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| The problem of unequal subject density is solved by using a _____ filter. | Compensation
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| _____ is the second of the two geometric properties affecting radiographic image quality. | Distortion
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| Distortion is the _____ of the size or shape of the structures being examined. | Misrepresentation
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| Distortion is directly related to _____. | Positioning
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| What are the two types of distortion? | Size (Magnification) Shape (Elongation/foreshortening)
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| Disortion always _____ and can only be _____. | Exists, minimized
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| All size distortion is controlled by ___ and ___. | SID, OID
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| Increased distortion, _____ resolution | Decreases
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| Magnification size distortion is controlled by positioning the body part and tube to maximize ___ while minimizing ___. | SID, OID
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| The greater the SID, the _____ the magnification. | Smaller
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| The OID must be minimized to _____ magnification. | Decrease
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| The ___ is the critical distance for magnification and resolution. | OID
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| What examinations require a larger SID? | Body parts with large inherent OID (Chest and lateral C-Spine)
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| Objects that are further from the IR will be _____ | Magnified
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| How is the magnification factor calculated? | M = SID/SOD
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| How is the actual size of an object calculated? | O = I/M O = object size I = image size M = magnification factor
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| Shape distortion is the misrepresentation by _____ _____ of the actual shape of the structure being examined. | Unequal magnification
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| _____ projects the object so it appears to be longer than it really is, while _____ projects it so it appears shorter than it really is. | elongation, foreshortening
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| Elongation occurs when the _____ or the _____ is improperly aligned. | tube, IR
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| Foreshortening occurs only when the _____ is improperly aligned. | part
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| Changes in the tube angle cause _____, never _____. | elongation, foreshortening
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| What are the factors that affect shape distortion? | Alignment (CR, part, IR) Angulation (Direction, degree)
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| The body part and IR should be _____ to one another with the CR _____ to both. | parallel, perpendicular
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| Any structure that is not positioned at the CR will be _____ because of the _____ of the beam. | distorted, divergence
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| Increasing SID, _____ distortion and vice versa | Decreases
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| Increasing OID, _____ distortion and vice versa | Increases
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| Increasing patient thickness, _____ distortion and vice versa. | Increases
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| Improper CR alignment, _____ distortion. | Increases
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| Improper anatomical part alignment, _____ distortion. | Increases
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| Improper IR alignment, _____ distortion. | Increases
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| Improper direction of CR angle, _____ distortion. | Increases
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| Improper degree of CR angle, _____ distortion. | Increases
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| An effective method of reducing patient exposure is through accurate and effective _____. | positioning
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| As compared to an AP chest, a PA chest decreases the _____ to the breast. | exposure
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| As the primary-beam field size _____, the patient exposure decreases. | decreases
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| As compared to an AP skull, a PA skull reduces exposure to the _____. | lens of the eye
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| List three types of gonad shields | flat contact, shaped contact, shadow
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| The radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a/an _____ relationship with the square of the kVp. | direct
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| Radiation intensity varies inversely with _____. | distance
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| Entrance skin exposure is a/an _____ exposure. | maximum
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| An increase in filtration results in a _____ in entrance skin exposure. | decrease
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| The use of a grid will _____ patient exposure. | increase
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| As film speed increases, patient exposure _____ when maintaining image receptor exposure. | decreases
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| The patient has the right to _____ a radiographic examination ordered by the attending physician. | refuse
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| The conscientious radiographer can reduce the patient dose by at least _____ in most examinations by choosing appropriate exposure factors. | 50%
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| The maximum exposure received by the patient is at _____. | the skin entrance to the body
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| Which of the following radiographic procedures delivers the lowest entrance skin exposure? a. hip b. pelvis c. lumbar spine d. elbow | d. elbow
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| The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets an entrance skin exposure limit of _____ for fluoroscopic systems in the U.S. | 11.5 R/min
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| The radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a/an _____ relationship with the mAs. | direct
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| To reduce patient exposure, the _____ kVp consistent with image quality should be selected. | highest
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| Which x-ray generator will substantially decrease the patient entrance skin exposure? a. single-phase b. two-phase c. three-phase, 6-pulse d. three-phase, 12-pulse | d. three-phase, 12-pulse
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| Patient entrance skin exposure decreases as SID _____. | increases
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| When mAs is decreased, patient dose is _____. | decreased
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| A decrease in subject part density will _____ scatter and _____ patient dose. | decrease, decrease
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| What variables, other than the prime factors, can be used to reduce patient dose? | filtration, decreased field size, gonad shielding
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| If OID _____, patient dose increases. | increases
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| Most of the cones of the eye are located at the _____ in high concentration. | fovea centralis
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| _____involves comparing mental images of patterns (anatomical, physiological, pathological and histological) to arrive at a diagnostic opinion. | Pattern Recognition
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| Myopia is _____. | nearsightedness
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| Hyperopia is _____. | farsightedness
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| Presbyopia is _____. | difficulty to focus on close objects
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| The fovea centralis creates a _____ at a viewing distance of about 9 inches. | blind spot
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| All radiographic images are missing the critical diagnostic element of _____. | depth
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| To view the human body in three dimensions, at least _____ image(s) is/are required. | two
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| Radiography is useful in the _____ of art objects. | restoration
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| Image _____ is formulated in the brain. | perception
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| The specialized cells of the retina convert the visual image into _____. | nervous impulses
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| The _____ nerve transmits visual neurological information to the brain. | optic
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| When exposed to vast quantities of light photons, _____ is over-sensitized and becomes bleached out. | rhodopsin
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| Rods and cones respond to _____. | light
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| Photopic vision is controlled by _____. | rods
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| Scotopic vision is controlled by the _____. | cones
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| Rods function best in _____ light. | dim
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| The visual phenomenon involving the perception of extremely small or faint details is termed the _____ | threshold detection
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| The _____ occurs because the visual system has difficulty perceiving contrast differences that are distant from one another. | boundary effect
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| The _____ occurs when the eye perceives a change in density. | Mach effect
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| The phenomenon that occurs when the intensely bright light from a view box floods the eye directly is termed _____. | veil glare
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| Contrast perception is dramatically increased when the eye uses a _____ motion, this movement maintains a constantly changing neurological signal, thus avoiding _____ of the optic nerves. | scanning, saturation
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| the radiographic image is a _____-dimensional object. | two
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| A radiographer can best minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the IR by ___________ the beam | restricting/limiting
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| A ________ is placed between the pt and the ir to absorb scatter radiation | grid
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| List 2 factors that affect the amount of scatter produced. | kVp & irradiated material
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| Scattered photons from ____________ interactions are no use in demonstrating radiographic structures of interest. | Compton
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| As more photons pass through the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting ir exposure has greater ________. | contrast, b/c it's not being absorbed.
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| If an increase in kvp is accompanied by a reduction in mA, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be a ________ in scatter produced | decrease
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| As the kvp increases, the % of x-rays that undergo a _______________ interaction will increase | compton scatter
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| Penumbra is? | a geometric unsharpness around the periphery of an image
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| Automatic collimators are known as _____________________. | PBL (Positive Beam limitation) devices.
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| When more photons are absorbed photoelectrically, the resulting radiography has _______ density. | less, b/c density is the blackening of the film so more white on an image means less density.
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| As the volume of irradiated tissue increases, the amount of scatter ___________ | increases
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| The ______ the Z# of a material, the higher the number of PE absorption interactions will be and a __________ in scatter. | higher, decrease
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| List 2 beam-restricting devices. | collimators, cones, and cylinders
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| Why do higher z# materials have an impact on scatter? | B/c the higher the z# the more PE absorption so the beam is less penetrable to the IR, so less scatter.
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| A small crystal size will produce _______ resolution and _______ speed. | increase, decrease
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| The ejected halide electron is attracted to and trapped by a _______________ | sensitivity speck
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| When the sensitivity speck traps a free electron, it becomes __________________ charged | negatively
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| A negatively charged sensitivity speck attracts a free silver ______ or ________ | ion, or cation
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| The unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice is called the ________ image | latent
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| ________________ film is sensitive to all colors. | Panchromatic
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| Intensifying screens are used to: | 1. Amplify the inome x-ray beam 2. Reduce patient radiation dose 3. Convert x-ray photons to light photons
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| What percentage of the latent image if formed by the light photons produced on the intensifying screen? | 99%
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| What percentage of the latent image is formed by x-ray photons? | 1%
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| To eliminate quantum mottle, increase _____. | mAs
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| List the four layers of the intensifying screen: | base, phosphor layer, protective layer, and reflective layer.
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| When an insufficient quanity of photons stikes the intensifying screen, quantum mottle will appear on the film as _____. | grainy
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| When a phosphor is struck by an x-ray photon, it will emit _______. | light photons
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| The active layer of the intensifying screen is the _____ layer. | phosphor
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| The _____ of an intensifying screen is easily damaged by fingernails. | protective layer
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| The type of interactions that takes place between the x-ray photons and the high Z number phosphor are ____ and ____. | PE, Compton
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| The ability of the phosphor to emit as much ligh per x-ray photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the screen ____. | speed
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| The precise wavelength of ligh emitted by the phosphor is termed the _______. | spectral emission
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| The ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation is ______. | luminescence
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| When light is emitted from a phosphor is delayed, it is called ____. | phosphorescence
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| Delayed phsphoecent emission is called ____ or _____. | sceen lag, afterglow
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| Intensifying-screen resolution is inversely related to: | size of the crystals (larger crystals and a thicker layer decrease resolution)
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| Define resolution: | ability to accurately image an object
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| A pentrometer is also referred to as a _____. | step wedge
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| A penetrometer is excellent for monitoring ____ and ____. | equipment, film/intensifying screen combinations
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| A densitometer is an instrument that provides a readout of _______. | optical density
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| Identify the optical density formula: | OD= log10 Io/It
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| The ability of film to stop light is termed _____. | opacity
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| D log E curves are also known as _____ curves. | characteristic, H&D, sensitometric
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| Important elements of the typical D log E curve include the: | Dmax, straight line, shoulder, toe
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| The density at no exposure is termed the: | base+fog
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| Film may expirience fog in the form of: | heat, light and radiation
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| The toes of the D log E curve is controlled by: | phenidone
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| The shoulder of the D log E curve is controlled by: | hydroquidone
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| Where on the D log E curve is the majority of the diagnostic info found? | straigh line (gamma, body)
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| The maximum density that the film is able to record is the: | Dmax
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| Which point on the D log E curve represents the point where all the silver halide crystals have a full complement of silver atoms? | Dmax
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| Additional exposre beyond Dmax reults in a a process known as: | solarization
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| Which type of film is preexposed to Dmax so that additional exposure will cause a reversal to the image. | duplication film
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| The primary characteristics of film include: | speed, resolution, contratst and latitude
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| As crystal size increases, resolution _____. | decreases
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| The amount of density a film produces for a given amount of exposure is termed the _____. | film speed
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| The difference between adjacent densities is the _____. | contrast
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| As the slope of the straight line increases, the contrast ____. | decreases
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| As crystal size increases, film speed _____ | increases
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| _____ is the range of exposures that will produce densities within the diagnostic range. | Latitude
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| A dark radiograph has received too _______ photons and a light radiograph has too _________ photons. | many, little
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| Why does increased beam restriction decrease density? | Increased collimation/beam restrictions reduces how many photons can hit the IR therefore, reduces density, it's an inverse relationship
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| As the tissure density increases, radiographic density ______________. | decreases
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| What happens if exposure conditions push into the toe or shoulder regions of a characteristic curve? | There is a dramatic effect to density that isnt always solved with just doubling mAs bc the rules dont work on the extremes.
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| As SID increases, density _________ | decreases
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| As OID increases, density ___________ | decreases
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| As filtration increases, density ___________ | decreases
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| Restricting the primary beam _______________ density. | decreases
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| What is window leveling? | adjusting the brightness/density on the image
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| Define film density. | the degree of blackening on the film from silver halide deposits
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| The optical density range visible to the human eye is ________ to ________ | .25 to 2.5
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| The ___________ factors should be used as the principle method for adjusting radiographic density. | controlling
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| The controlling factor of density is _______ | mAs
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| As mAs increases density __________ | increases
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| The minimum change necessary to cause a visible shift in density is ________ of mAs. | 30%
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| Which generator produces the least amount of density? | single-phase, 2 pulse
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| The _________ is used as a guide to maintain the same density when kVp changes? | 15% rule
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| Which factor influences the number of photons reaching the radiograph film? a. kvp b. mA c. time d. both b and c | d. both b and c
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| which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the radiograph film? | kVp
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| the 15% rule changes _________ and maintains _______. | contrast, density
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| Describe the relationship between exposure and SID. | the inverse sq law
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| The ___________ of a radiographic image is visible because of sufficient contrast and sufficient density. | detail
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| The difference between two adjacent densities is _________ | contrast
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| A radiograph with ____ shades of gray exhibits high contrast | few
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| The controlling factor of contrast is | kVp
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| The range of density values that can be perceived by the human eye is called ________ contrast. | visible
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| ____________scale contrast provides the most information. | Low/Long
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| As kVp increases, contrast _____________ | decreases
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| ___________ kVp causes density differences that were previously undetectable to become visible. | Increase
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| As Compton scatter __________, contrast decreases. | increases
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| As body part thickness ________, contrast increases | decreases
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| As field size decreases, contrast ___________ | increases
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| A radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called _______ contrast. | short scale
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| As the slope of the D log E curve ___________, contrast increases | increases
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| _________ controls the relationship between photoelectric versus Compton interactions. | Kilovoltage
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| Milliampere-seconds _________ contrast. | influences
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| Image receptor contrast is expressed as the ______ of the D log E curve. | slope
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| As grid ratio increases, contrast _________ | increases
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| The primary method for adjusting contrast with digital imaging systems is through _______________ manipulations. | window width
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| As _____ increases, a wider range of photon energies is produced | kVp
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| The concept of contrast as it is displayed on a soft-copy monitor for digital images is described as ________ | dynamic range
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| Which of the following interactions has a significant impact on the x-ray? | photoelectric absorption
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| As the atomic number of an element increases, the energy required to remove an inner-shell electron ___________ | increases
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| When a photon is ________, all of the energy is transferred to the matter. | absorbed
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| As x-ray photon energy increases, the penetrating ability of the photon _________. | increases
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| As mAs increases, x-ray exposure increases and radiographic film density _________. | increases
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| Define radiographic film denisty: | the degree of blackening of x-ray films
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| Exposure time is __________________ to the number of electons crossing from cathod to anode. | directly proportional
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| Kilovolage has a ______ impact on radiographic density. | profound
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| X-ray intensiy is ____ proportional to source to image receptor distance. | inversely
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| As distance decreases, intensity ______ and film density _____. | increases; increases
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| The factors that affect x-ray emission under the direct contol of the radiograher are called the _____ factors | prime
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| When a photon is __________, it no longer exists. | absorbed
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| During ____________, interaction, the energy released during the filling of the inner shell is known as secondary radiation. | photoelectric
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| During photoelectric interaction, the incident x-ray photon must be greater than the _______ energy of the inner-shell electron. | binding
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| Which of the following interactions has a significant impact on the x-ray image? | compton scattering
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| What are the prime factors? | KVP, mAs and distance
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| Quanity, intensity and x-ray output is directly affected by ____. | mAs
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| X-ray quality is numerically represented by the ____. | HVL
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| _____ and _____ are factors that directly affect x-ray quality. | kvp; filtration
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| If 1 coulomb is equal to 6.3*10(18) electrons per second, how many electrons flow from cathos to anode in 1 second? | 6.3x10(18)
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| If 1 ampee equals a flow of 6.3x10(18) electrons per second, how many electrons flow from cathode ot anode in 1 milliampere? | 6.3x10(15)
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| As the mA doubles, the number of electrons flowing from cathode to anode _____. | doubles
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| The primary controler of x-ray quantity is goverened by ____. | mAs
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| If the mAs of a radiograph is increased from 10 to 20, the resulting radiograph will exhibit: | increased density
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| If the mAs used to create one image is the same as the mAs used to create a second image of the same structure, then both images should have the same ____. | density
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| Increasing the kVp on an x-ray control panel will cause an increase in the ____ of the electrons across the x-ray tube. | speed
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| Increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in the production of an x-ray photon with ____ energy. | high
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| If kVp is doubled, the amount of x-ray photons approximately | increase 4 fold
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| Kilovoltage is the primary controller of _____. | contrast
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| An increase in kVp by 15% will cause an approximate _____ in the exposure. | doubeling
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| Adjustments in kVp should be used to control radiographic _____. | contrast
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| X-ray intensity is measured in _____. | roentgen (R)
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| In the human body, _______________ is the predominant interaction through most of the diagnostic x-ray range. | photoelectric absorbtion
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| During _________ scattering, no energy is transferred in the interaction. | coherent
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| What intercation with matter results in a radiograph with a short scale of contrast? ____________ | photoelectric
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| when a scattered photon is deflected back toward the source, it is traveling in the directionopposite to the incident photon and is called ___________ radiation. | back scatter
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| During ______________, the negatively charged electron is termed a negatron. | pair production
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| what interaction with matter results in a radiograph with a long scale of contrast? | compton
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| As _____ increases, the total number of photons transmitted without interaction increases. | kvp
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| The relationship between the intensity of radiation and distance is the ______. | inverse square law
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| The density maintenance formula is a _____ law. | direct square
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| As the electons shells move farther form the nucleus, total electron energies _____ and binding energies _____. | increase decrease
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| When an xray phton with a slightly greater than the binding energy of the inner shell electon interacts with that inner shell electron, a ____ interaction occurs. | photoelectic
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| During Compton scattering the incident photon energy is divided between the ______ and the ____. | ejected electron; scattered photon
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| An interaction that occurs between very low energy x-ray photons (approx 10 keV) and matter is called _____ scatter. |
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| As kvp increases, the percentage of _______ interactions increases. | compton
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| When an x-ray passes through matter, it undergoes a process called ___________ | attenuation
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| During the process of attenuation, x-ray photons in the beam a) reduce in number b) lose energy c) interact d) alll of the above | all of the above
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| During __________ the x-ray photon is converted to matter in the form of two electrons? | pair production
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| Which atomic shell possesses the highest binding enegy? | k-shell
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| unwanted densities caused predominantly by scattered photons are called ________ | radiation fog
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| which energy-level electrons possess the highest total energy? a)K b) L c) M d) N | N
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| when x-ray photons interact with matter and change direction, the process is called _________ | scatter
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| if a photon interacts with matter and scatters, the photon exists with _________ energy. | less
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| during photoelectric absorption, a/an __________ shell electron is ejected | k
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| the photon that exits the atom after a Compton scattering is called the Compton ________ photon. | recoil
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| the elctron dislodged during Compton scattering is called the ________ electron | recoil
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| During the photoelectric interaction, as an electron transfers from an outer shell to a vacant inner shaell, energy is released in the form of _________________ | secondary radiation/ characteristic
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| _____________ is the source of occupational exposure. | compton scatter
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| compton scattering occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with a ___________ | loosely bound outer shell
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| an interaction that occurs between very low energy x-ray photons (approx.10 keV) and matter is called ___________ scatter. a) coherent b)classical c) unmodified d) all of the above | all of the above
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|
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