Cumulative Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Regarding beam limitation, the size dof the x-ray beam should always be restricted to the __________ and collimation should be evident on ________ sides of the image. | show 🗑
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| show | 5 mSv .5 rem 500 mrem
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| The ___ is a regulatory agency responsible for protecting both the public and occupationally exposed individuals from the effects of ionizing radiation. | show 🗑
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| When no threshold dose for radiation exists, the effect is known as _____. | show 🗑
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| _____ is a deterministic effect of ionizing radiation on the eyes. | show 🗑
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| Radiation exposure limits pertinent to the protection of radiation workers are known as __________ limits. | show 🗑
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| The annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is ___ rem. | show 🗑
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| show | 5000
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| The annual effective dose limit for the general public to ionizing radiation is ___ rem. | show 🗑
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| show | 21 rem
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| What are the three Cardinal Principles of Radiation protection? | show 🗑
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| show | Four
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| For an individual to reduce exposure by a factor of 25 the distance between the individual and source of ionizing radiation should be ________ | show 🗑
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| Secondary barriers protect against _____ and _____. | show 🗑
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| List two protective devices. | show 🗑
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| Protective aprons and gloves are usually made of lead-impregnated vinyl within the range of _____ lead equivalency. | show 🗑
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| For fluoroscopic procedures with a kVp of 100 or more, the protective apron must possess a minimum of ____ lead equivalent. | show 🗑
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| show | Reduces.
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| Using techical factors where _____ kVp and _____ mAs are chosen minimizes patient dose. | show 🗑
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| The NCRP recommends a minimum total filtration of _____ for x-ray equipment operating above 70 kVp. | show 🗑
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| The use of a grid in a radiographic procedure will result in a/an _____ in patient dose. | show 🗑
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| show | 4-5
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| The lenses of the eyes will receive the greatest dose during the AP or PA skull procedure? | show 🗑
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| A fetus is most radiosensitive during _____ post-conception. | show 🗑
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| What does ALARA stand for? | show 🗑
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| show | Two
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| show | Decreases
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| When filtration is increased, technical factors must be _____ to maintain the same density. | show 🗑
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| show | Inherent Added
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| show | Yes
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| show | Thickest
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| Any filtration that occurs outside the tube and housing is considered to be _____ filtration. | show 🗑
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| show | Inherent
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| show | Source or tube
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| Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable _____ x-ray photons by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam. | show 🗑
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| show | Narrow or harden
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| Increased filtration _____ patient dose. | show 🗑
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| In general, low energy x-ray photons are _____ by the patient. | show 🗑
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| show | Aluminum Glass Oil
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| show | Aluminum
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| All filtration can be expressed in terms of _____. | show 🗑
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| Define half value layer. | show 🗑
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| The collimator is categorized as _____ filtration. | show 🗑
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| show | 3
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| show | Compensation
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| _____ is the second of the two geometric properties affecting radiographic image quality. | show 🗑
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| show | Misrepresentation
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| Distortion is directly related to _____. | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of distortion? | show 🗑
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| show | Exists, minimized
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| show | SID, OID
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| show | Decreases
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| show | SID, OID
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| show | Smaller
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| show | Decrease
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| show | OID
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| show | Body parts with large inherent OID (Chest and lateral C-Spine)
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| Objects that are further from the IR will be _____ | show 🗑
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| show | M = SID/SOD
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| show | O = I/M O = object size I = image size M = magnification factor
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| Shape distortion is the misrepresentation by _____ _____ of the actual shape of the structure being examined. | show 🗑
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| show | elongation, foreshortening
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| Elongation occurs when the _____ or the _____ is improperly aligned. | show 🗑
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| show | part
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| Changes in the tube angle cause _____, never _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Alignment (CR, part, IR) Angulation (Direction, degree)
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| The body part and IR should be _____ to one another with the CR _____ to both. | show 🗑
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| show | distorted, divergence
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| Increasing SID, _____ distortion and vice versa | show 🗑
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| show | Increases
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| Increasing patient thickness, _____ distortion and vice versa. | show 🗑
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| Improper CR alignment, _____ distortion. | show 🗑
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| Improper anatomical part alignment, _____ distortion. | show 🗑
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| show | Increases
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| show | Increases
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| Improper degree of CR angle, _____ distortion. | show 🗑
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| show | positioning
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| show | exposure
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| As the primary-beam field size _____, the patient exposure decreases. | show 🗑
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| show | lens of the eye
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| show | flat contact, shaped contact, shadow
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| The radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a/an _____ relationship with the square of the kVp. | show 🗑
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| Radiation intensity varies inversely with _____. | show 🗑
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| Entrance skin exposure is a/an _____ exposure. | show 🗑
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| show | decrease
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| The use of a grid will _____ patient exposure. | show 🗑
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| As film speed increases, patient exposure _____ when maintaining image receptor exposure. | show 🗑
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| show | refuse
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| show | 50%
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| show | the skin entrance to the body
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| Which of the following radiographic procedures delivers the lowest entrance skin exposure? a. hip b. pelvis c. lumbar spine d. elbow | show 🗑
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| show | 11.5 R/min
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| The radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a/an _____ relationship with the mAs. | show 🗑
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| show | highest
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| show | d. three-phase, 12-pulse
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| show | increases
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| show | decreased
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| show | decrease, decrease
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| show | filtration, decreased field size, gonad shielding
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| show | increases
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| show | fovea centralis
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| show | Pattern Recognition
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| Myopia is _____. | show 🗑
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| Hyperopia is _____. | show 🗑
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| Presbyopia is _____. | show 🗑
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| show | blind spot
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| All radiographic images are missing the critical diagnostic element of _____. | show 🗑
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| To view the human body in three dimensions, at least _____ image(s) is/are required. | show 🗑
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| show | restoration
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| show | perception
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| The specialized cells of the retina convert the visual image into _____. | show 🗑
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| The _____ nerve transmits visual neurological information to the brain. | show 🗑
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| When exposed to vast quantities of light photons, _____ is over-sensitized and becomes bleached out. | show 🗑
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| show | light
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| Photopic vision is controlled by _____. | show 🗑
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| show | cones
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| show | dim
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| show | threshold detection
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| show | boundary effect
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| The _____ occurs when the eye perceives a change in density. | show 🗑
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| show | veil glare
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| Contrast perception is dramatically increased when the eye uses a _____ motion, this movement maintains a constantly changing neurological signal, thus avoiding _____ of the optic nerves. | show 🗑
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| the radiographic image is a _____-dimensional object. | show 🗑
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| A radiographer can best minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the IR by ___________ the beam | show 🗑
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| A ________ is placed between the pt and the ir to absorb scatter radiation | show 🗑
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| List 2 factors that affect the amount of scatter produced. | show 🗑
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| show | Compton
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| As more photons pass through the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting ir exposure has greater ________. | show 🗑
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| If an increase in kvp is accompanied by a reduction in mA, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be a ________ in scatter produced | show 🗑
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| As the kvp increases, the % of x-rays that undergo a _______________ interaction will increase | show 🗑
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| Penumbra is? | show 🗑
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| show | PBL (Positive Beam limitation) devices.
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| show | less, b/c density is the blackening of the film so more white on an image means less density.
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| show | increases
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| The ______ the Z# of a material, the higher the number of PE absorption interactions will be and a __________ in scatter. | show 🗑
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| List 2 beam-restricting devices. | show 🗑
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| show | B/c the higher the z# the more PE absorption so the beam is less penetrable to the IR, so less scatter.
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| A small crystal size will produce _______ resolution and _______ speed. | show 🗑
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| show | sensitivity speck
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| show | negatively
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| A negatively charged sensitivity speck attracts a free silver ______ or ________ | show 🗑
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| The unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice is called the ________ image | show 🗑
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| show | Panchromatic
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| show | 1. Amplify the inome x-ray beam 2. Reduce patient radiation dose 3. Convert x-ray photons to light photons
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| show | 99%
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| What percentage of the latent image is formed by x-ray photons? | show 🗑
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| show | mAs
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| show | base, phosphor layer, protective layer, and reflective layer.
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| When an insufficient quanity of photons stikes the intensifying screen, quantum mottle will appear on the film as _____. | show 🗑
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| show | light photons
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| The active layer of the intensifying screen is the _____ layer. | show 🗑
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| show | protective layer
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| The type of interactions that takes place between the x-ray photons and the high Z number phosphor are ____ and ____. | show 🗑
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| The ability of the phosphor to emit as much ligh per x-ray photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the screen ____. | show 🗑
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| show | spectral emission
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| The ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation is ______. | show 🗑
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| show | phosphorescence
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| Delayed phsphoecent emission is called ____ or _____. | show 🗑
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| Intensifying-screen resolution is inversely related to: | show 🗑
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| Define resolution: | show 🗑
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| show | step wedge
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| show | equipment, film/intensifying screen combinations
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| A densitometer is an instrument that provides a readout of _______. | show 🗑
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| show | OD= log10 Io/It
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| The ability of film to stop light is termed _____. | show 🗑
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| show | characteristic, H&D, sensitometric
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| Important elements of the typical D log E curve include the: | show 🗑
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| show | base+fog
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| Film may expirience fog in the form of: | show 🗑
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| The toes of the D log E curve is controlled by: | show 🗑
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| The shoulder of the D log E curve is controlled by: | show 🗑
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| Where on the D log E curve is the majority of the diagnostic info found? | show 🗑
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| show | Dmax
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| show | Dmax
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| show | solarization
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| show | duplication film
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| show | speed, resolution, contratst and latitude
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| As crystal size increases, resolution _____. | show 🗑
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| show | film speed
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| The difference between adjacent densities is the _____. | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| show | increases
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| _____ is the range of exposures that will produce densities within the diagnostic range. | show 🗑
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| show | many, little
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| Why does increased beam restriction decrease density? | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| show | There is a dramatic effect to density that isnt always solved with just doubling mAs bc the rules dont work on the extremes.
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| As SID increases, density _________ | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| As filtration increases, density ___________ | show 🗑
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| Restricting the primary beam _______________ density. | show 🗑
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| What is window leveling? | show 🗑
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| show | the degree of blackening on the film from silver halide deposits
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| show | .25 to 2.5
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| The ___________ factors should be used as the principle method for adjusting radiographic density. | show 🗑
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| show | mAs
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| As mAs increases density __________ | show 🗑
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| show | 30%
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| show | single-phase, 2 pulse
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| show | 15% rule
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| Which factor influences the number of photons reaching the radiograph film? a. kvp b. mA c. time d. both b and c | show 🗑
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| which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the radiograph film? | show 🗑
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| show | contrast, density
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| Describe the relationship between exposure and SID. | show 🗑
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| show | detail
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| show | contrast
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| show | few
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| show | kVp
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| show | visible
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| ____________scale contrast provides the most information. | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| ___________ kVp causes density differences that were previously undetectable to become visible. | show 🗑
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| As Compton scatter __________, contrast decreases. | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| show | increases
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| A radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called _______ contrast. | show 🗑
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| show | increases
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| show | Kilovoltage
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| show | influences
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| Image receptor contrast is expressed as the ______ of the D log E curve. | show 🗑
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| As grid ratio increases, contrast _________ | show 🗑
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| show | window width
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| As _____ increases, a wider range of photon energies is produced | show 🗑
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| The concept of contrast as it is displayed on a soft-copy monitor for digital images is described as ________ | show 🗑
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| show | photoelectric absorption
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| show | increases
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| When a photon is ________, all of the energy is transferred to the matter. | show 🗑
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| As x-ray photon energy increases, the penetrating ability of the photon _________. | show 🗑
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| show | increases
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| show | the degree of blackening of x-ray films
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| show | directly proportional
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| show | profound
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| show | inversely
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| As distance decreases, intensity ______ and film density _____. | show 🗑
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| show | prime
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| show | absorbed
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| show | photoelectric
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| show | binding
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| Which of the following interactions has a significant impact on the x-ray image? | show 🗑
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| What are the prime factors? | show 🗑
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| show | mAs
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| show | HVL
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| show | kvp; filtration
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| If 1 coulomb is equal to 6.3*10(18) electrons per second, how many electrons flow from cathos to anode in 1 second? | show 🗑
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| If 1 ampee equals a flow of 6.3x10(18) electrons per second, how many electrons flow from cathode ot anode in 1 milliampere? | show 🗑
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| show | doubles
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| The primary controler of x-ray quantity is goverened by ____. | show 🗑
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| show | increased density
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| If the mAs used to create one image is the same as the mAs used to create a second image of the same structure, then both images should have the same ____. | show 🗑
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| Increasing the kVp on an x-ray control panel will cause an increase in the ____ of the electrons across the x-ray tube. | show 🗑
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| show | high
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| show | increase 4 fold
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| Kilovoltage is the primary controller of _____. | show 🗑
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| show | doubeling
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| show | contrast
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| show | roentgen (R)
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| In the human body, _______________ is the predominant interaction through most of the diagnostic x-ray range. | show 🗑
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| During _________ scattering, no energy is transferred in the interaction. | show 🗑
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| show | photoelectric
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|
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| show | back scatter
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|
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| show | pair production
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|
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| what interaction with matter results in a radiograph with a long scale of contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | kvp
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|
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| The relationship between the intensity of radiation and distance is the ______. | show 🗑
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| show | direct square
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| As the electons shells move farther form the nucleus, total electron energies _____ and binding energies _____. | show 🗑
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| When an xray phton with a slightly greater than the binding energy of the inner shell electon interacts with that inner shell electron, a ____ interaction occurs. | show 🗑
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| During Compton scattering the incident photon energy is divided between the ______ and the ____. | show 🗑
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| An interaction that occurs between very low energy x-ray photons (approx 10 keV) and matter is called _____ scatter. | show 🗑
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| As kvp increases, the percentage of _______ interactions increases. | show 🗑
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| show | attenuation
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| During the process of attenuation, x-ray photons in the beam a) reduce in number b) lose energy c) interact d) alll of the above | show 🗑
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| show | pair production
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| show | k-shell
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| unwanted densities caused predominantly by scattered photons are called ________ | show 🗑
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| which energy-level electrons possess the highest total energy? a)K b) L c) M d) N | show 🗑
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| show | scatter
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| if a photon interacts with matter and scatters, the photon exists with _________ energy. | show 🗑
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| during photoelectric absorption, a/an __________ shell electron is ejected | show 🗑
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| the photon that exits the atom after a Compton scattering is called the Compton ________ photon. | show 🗑
|
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| show | recoil
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|
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| During the photoelectric interaction, as an electron transfers from an outer shell to a vacant inner shaell, energy is released in the form of _________________ | show 🗑
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| _____________ is the source of occupational exposure. | show 🗑
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| compton scattering occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with a ___________ | show 🗑
|
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| show | all of the above
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|
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