Chapters 17, 22, and 23
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| What is Change? | Final state-initial state
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| What is a system? | The thing of interest
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| What are the surroundings? | Everything else in the universe
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| What kind of system has no change of matter or energy with the surroundings? | Isolated system
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| What kind of system exchanges energy but not matter the the surroundings? | Closed system
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| What kind system exchanges both energy and matter with the surrounding? | Open System
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| What is spontaneous? | It goes by itself without needing outside help.
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| Exothermic | heat leaves the system
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| Endothermic | heat enters the system
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| Standard State | Pure substance at 1 atm and 298K
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| Reference state | stablest form at 298K
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| q is... | heat absorbed by the system
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| w is... | work done on the system
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| What is the equation for the 1st law of thermodynamics? | delta U=q+w
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| Enthalpy, H | total energy of the system
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| What are the top three most common elements in the Earth's crust? | Oxygen, Silicon and Aluminum
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| What are the top three most common elements in the atmosphere? | Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon
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| Most abundant elements in the universe? | hydrogen, Helium
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| Most abundant element in seawater? | Chloride and Sodium
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| Most abundant elements in the human body? | Oxygen, Carbon and hydrogen
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| A rock that can be mined for a profit? | Ore
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| Extraction of metal from ore such as mining, concentrating, reducing, and refining | Metallurgy
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| What are three types of Pyrometallurgy? | Calcination, roasting and Smelting
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| Which pyrometallurgy takes heat and a volatile product, usually CO2 or H2O leaves? | Calcination
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| Which pyrometallurgy heats with oxygen to oxidize? | roasting
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| Which pyrometallurgy melts plus reactions, with slag on top? | Smelting
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| What are two types of hydrometallurgy? | Floatation and Cyanide leaching
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| What is a electrometallurgy? | Reduction
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| What is entrophy | measure of dispersal of frequency
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| When delta S is greater than 0 the reaction is? | Spontaneous
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| When delta H is less than 0 the reaction tends to be? | Spontaneous
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| The reaction Ammonium Nitrate is spontaneous even though this reaction is endthermic why? | Because the temperature and entrophy is greater then the enthalphy
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| Why is chemistry so precise about their results when there are so many possible outcomes that could happen? | because there are avogoto's number of partical so many particles makes the bell curve practically straight meaning that any other out come would be a great surprise
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| What is the equations of free energy? | delta G= delta H- T delta S
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| When delta G is less then 0 | the reaction is spontaneous
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| When delta G is greater then 0 the reaction is? | Reverse
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| When delta G is equal to zero the reaction is | in equilibrium
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| What is delta G when H is - and S is - and the temperature is high? | delta G is +
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| What is delta G when H is - and S is - and the temperature is low? | delta G is -
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| Why do proteins denature at high heat? | Because delta H is greater then 0 and delta S is greater then 0 so the high temperatures makes this process spontaneous.
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| What is delta S of the universe? | greater then 0
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| In the Demonstration with the balloon what was felt when the balloon was stretched? relaxed? | -heat
-cool
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| Why does the balloon goes towards the relaxed form? | Because rubber is less ordered in the relaxed stage. it takes enegry to make order such as in pulling the balloon. The balloon naturaly goes back to disorder.
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| Spontaneous goes from ___ to ___ | order to disorder
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| What does the 0 mean on a delta H, delta S or delta G? | means standard state of 1atm or 1M
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| Delta H is in... Delta G is in... Delta S is in... | -Kj
-Kj
-J
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| What is the second law of Kelvin? | it is impossible in a cyclic process to convert heat into work without giving heat to a cold reservoir.
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| What are two examples of the second of Kelvin? | Car engines and Steam turbines
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| What does the car do for energy? What adsorbs the heat? | Internal combustion
Radiator
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| Steam turbines create ...where is the heat adsorbed? | Electricity
River and lake
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| What can power plants do to the environment? | They evaporate so much water that they can change the weather.
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| What does the water do for the power plants? | gets rib of the heat
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| what is the second law of Clausis? | It is impossible in a cyclic process to move heat to a hot to a cold without doing work?
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| What is an example the law of Clausis? | A refrigerator
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| What happens to the room temperature when the refrigerator door is left open | the room warms up because the compressor is working harder to compinsate
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| Why aren't the Temperatures the same in reactions of free energy | Because delta H and delta S are functions of T but we don't calculate as such.
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| What is a function for S | S= k*ln(W)
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| What is another equation for delta G using Q? | delta G= delta G 0 +R*T* ln(Q)
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| If the system is at equilibrium delta G=... and Q=... | 0
K
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| what does delta G 0 =? | -R*T*lnK
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| If delta G 0 is less then 0 at equilibrium then K is____ and what is favored? | K is greater then 1
products favored
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| In Case one delta G 0 is less then one K is greater then 1 the reaction is? | Spontaneous Q=1, reaction shifts to the left, delta G increases until Q=K
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| In Case two delta G 0 is greater then 1 and k is less then 0? | reaction shifts to the left and Q decreases, Q=1 so delta G= deltaG0
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| what is the most abundant mineral? | Feldspar
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| Feldspar is made from? | SiO2+Al
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| What are the top four industrial Chemicals? | Sulfuric Acids, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Ethlylene
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| Where does H2 come from? | natural gas, and could come from hydrolysis of h2O
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| What is the advantage of getting H2 from hydrolysis? | no green house gases but it takes energy
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| H2 as fuel advantages and disadvantages? | no pollutangents, needs a lot of fuel of bonded to a metal which makes it heavy.
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| Where is H2 used for? | @/3 is used for fertilizer and partially hydrogenated oils and Industry reducing agent
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| Why are hydrogenated oils made? | To lower BP and MP
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| What are the three main forms of Carbon? | graphite, diamond and C60
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| What are the characteristics of graphite? | sp2, pi bonds, planars, good lubricant, absords wavelengths
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| Why is graphite put in tires? | to absorb UV light so rudder doesn't degrade
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| Diamond is a ___ form | sp2 crystalline
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| C60 is in what shape and used in? | soccer ball shape, get a lot in forest fires, forms nanotubes
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| What are the hope of nanotubes? | Be able to deliver medicine
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| What is the difference between silicon, silicates and silicones? | Silicon= element
Silicates=SiO2
Silicons= chain of SiOSiOSiO
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| What are examples of silicates and Silicons | -granite
-oils higher heat resistance in breast implants
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| What is pure SiO2 | quartz
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| What are the characteristics of silica glass? | very low coef. thermal expansion heat doesn't expand, and low absordance of UV
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| Kimax and Pyrex is what type of glass | B2O3
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| What are characteristics of B2O3 glass? | lower coeff. of thermal expansion
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| What is the most common glass? | Sodalime
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| Why is Sodalime most common class? | It is cheap but the thermal expansion is high
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| Lead class is made from? Characteristics? | SiO3+PbO it is a crystal which means high refractive index
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| Characteristics of Crystal | High refractive index and rings nicely
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| how is N2 taken from the air? | by fixation either fixed enzymes or bacteria in roots of leguts
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| where is NaN3 found? | In air bags
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| Why shouldn't you mix ammonium with bleach? | It produces very harmful gases
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| What is nitrogen used in? | fertilizer and explosives
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| What is the main nitrogen is explosives? | Nitrates
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| Where do you get gun powder from? | bat droppings
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| What makes explosives smokeless | Sulfer
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| What is added to gun powder to make it good? | Carbon and Sulfer
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| Who figured out how to get nitrates | Hober and Ostould
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| What is Chili salt peter? | NaNO3
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| N2O is in? | nitrous oxide, laughing gas, whip cream and in righter tires
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| NO comes from? | Cars it is a pollution
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| What color is NO2? | brown
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| Where does phosphorus come from | it is mined
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| Why is white phosphorus explosive? | due to strained bonds
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| White phosphorus is found in? | gernades, it burns skin
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| What are the three types of phosphorus? | white, red and yellow
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| Yellow is a | fertilizer
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| Oxygen comes from? | distilled air
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| What is O2 used in? | welding as an oxidizing agent
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| What changes O2 to O3 | a sppark
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| Why is O3 bad? | It can destroy your lungs
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| Where is O3 found in offices? | Near the photocopiers
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| What is in firemen breathing mask? | K+2OH- +H2O2+O2
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| O2- | is an oxide?
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| Peroxide is? | O2- 2
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| What is H2O2 used in? | Cleaning stains and putting on canker sores
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| What is super oxide? | O2 -
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| How do we mine sulfur? | We send down superheated water that melts sulfur and then pump it out.
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| What is another way we can obtain sulfur> | by people going and breaking it off of volcanoes
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| how do you vulcanize tires? | add Sulfur to make the hard hard and not goowy
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| Where do we get Se? | mined
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| what does it prevent? | Prostate cancer
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| What is it used in? | Photocopiers
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| How do photocopiers work? | Se is a photoconductor and when light hits Se becomes conductive the cylinder is charged which causes the toner to stick to the paper
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| Where are most Halogens found? | seawater
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| Where is F2 found? | in ore
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| What can destroy O3? | CFC
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| What is Teflan made out of? | polymers of F-C-F
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| What is chlorine used in? | pesticides and hericides
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| Where is polyvinyl chloride PVC found? | In car seats
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| What is the main component of bleach? | Chlorine
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| Where is Bromine used? | disinfectant at water treatment plants
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| AgBr is used in? | film
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| It takes how many C's to absorb light? | 20 C
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| When the temperature goes up what happens to H, S, G, G0 and K? | G increases, S decreases, H increase, K increases, G0 decrease
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| I2 is mainly used in... | iodized salts
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| what prevents goiters? | KI
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| Why did pioneers have goiters? | Because they had a lack of seafood in their diet and no KI
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| Where is He contained? | in natural gas wells
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| What was helium used in? | Blimps
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| Why are blimps not used today? | Because Germany filled their blimps with H2 and it blew up.
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| What was the name of this blimp? | Hindenburg
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| What is He (l) used for? | coolant
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| what is he l 's temperature? | 4K
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| What is Neon used in? | lights
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| where does neon, Argon and Krypton come from? | distilled air
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| What is Argon used in today? | light bulbs and thermal pane windows, also welders use it to keep stuff like O2 away
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| What do metals conduct? | heat and electricity
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| What is rock? | a mixture of minerals
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| What are group one known as and why? | The chlorides because they react mainly with chloride
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| Group II is known as the.. | carbonates
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| What are the rest of the groups? | Oxides or Sulfides
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| What is an example of calcination? | CaCO3 plus heat-CO2 and CaO(lime)
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| What is an example of roasting? | ZnS+3/2 O2-ZnO+SO2
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| what does a scubber do? | Takes the SO2 and combines it with CaSO3
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| Smelting is used for ___ only. | Iron
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| What is found in iron? | SiO2
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| What process gets aluminum pure? | Cryolite add pure C
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| What is an example of electrolysis? | Na + Cl - Na (l)+Cl2
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| liquid Na can do what? | float
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| What is substitutional Alloys? | elements with atoms of the same size are suck in place of the other atoms
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| What are some examples of substitutional alloys? | sterling silver, solder, brass, bronze
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| What is in sterling silver? | Ag+Cu
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| What is in Solder? | tin and lead, tin and Copper and tin and silver
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| Which of the solder types is not used anymore? | tin and lead because lead is poisonous.
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| What is in brass? | copper and zinc
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| What is in bronze? | copper and tin
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| What used to be in bronzes in ancient times? | copper and As
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| Why is Hephaistus the greek smith god consider lame? | He worked with bronze which then contained As so he had a contaminated immune system
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| What lead to the fall of the Roam empire? | Pewter plates in the upperclass, they all had lead poisoning
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| What was the Franklin expedition looking for? | Northwest passage
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| How did they get lead poisoning? | canned food back then was sealed with lead
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| What are the two types of tin? | White tin and Grey tin
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| White tin is found in.. | organ pipes
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| What is tin disease? | When white tin turns to grey tin when the temperature is less then 13.2*C
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| Mn is a ___ metal. | Strategic metal
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| How does the US get Mn? | it much be imported
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| What was the cover story that Howard Hues used to grab the Russian submarine? | Mining Mn off the ocean floor
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| Where are most of rare Earths found? | China
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| Who is trying to sue china for the rare earth's? | US
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| How did the two deposits of rare earth elements form? | from meters hitting the Earth
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| What is used for medicine and Iran is looking to get into? | Isotopes
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| How is gold extracted? | by Cyanide leaching
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| Why is this gold extraction harmful? | If it contaminates nature it will kill everything
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