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Chem17,22,23
Chapters 17, 22, and 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Change? | Final state-initial state |
| What is a system? | The thing of interest |
| What are the surroundings? | Everything else in the universe |
| What kind of system has no change of matter or energy with the surroundings? | Isolated system |
| What kind of system exchanges energy but not matter the the surroundings? | Closed system |
| What kind system exchanges both energy and matter with the surrounding? | Open System |
| What is spontaneous? | It goes by itself without needing outside help. |
| Exothermic | heat leaves the system |
| Endothermic | heat enters the system |
| Standard State | Pure substance at 1 atm and 298K |
| Reference state | stablest form at 298K |
| q is... | heat absorbed by the system |
| w is... | work done on the system |
| What is the equation for the 1st law of thermodynamics? | delta U=q+w |
| Enthalpy, H | total energy of the system |
| What are the top three most common elements in the Earth's crust? | Oxygen, Silicon and Aluminum |
| What are the top three most common elements in the atmosphere? | Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon |
| Most abundant elements in the universe? | hydrogen, Helium |
| Most abundant element in seawater? | Chloride and Sodium |
| Most abundant elements in the human body? | Oxygen, Carbon and hydrogen |
| A rock that can be mined for a profit? | Ore |
| Extraction of metal from ore such as mining, concentrating, reducing, and refining | Metallurgy |
| What are three types of Pyrometallurgy? | Calcination, roasting and Smelting |
| Which pyrometallurgy takes heat and a volatile product, usually CO2 or H2O leaves? | Calcination |
| Which pyrometallurgy heats with oxygen to oxidize? | roasting |
| Which pyrometallurgy melts plus reactions, with slag on top? | Smelting |
| What are two types of hydrometallurgy? | Floatation and Cyanide leaching |
| What is a electrometallurgy? | Reduction |
| What is entrophy | measure of dispersal of frequency |
| When delta S is greater than 0 the reaction is? | Spontaneous |
| When delta H is less than 0 the reaction tends to be? | Spontaneous |
| The reaction Ammonium Nitrate is spontaneous even though this reaction is endthermic why? | Because the temperature and entrophy is greater then the enthalphy |
| Why is chemistry so precise about their results when there are so many possible outcomes that could happen? | because there are avogoto's number of partical so many particles makes the bell curve practically straight meaning that any other out come would be a great surprise |
| What is the equations of free energy? | delta G= delta H- T delta S |
| When delta G is less then 0 | the reaction is spontaneous |
| When delta G is greater then 0 the reaction is? | Reverse |
| When delta G is equal to zero the reaction is | in equilibrium |
| What is delta G when H is - and S is - and the temperature is high? | delta G is + |
| What is delta G when H is - and S is - and the temperature is low? | delta G is - |
| Why do proteins denature at high heat? | Because delta H is greater then 0 and delta S is greater then 0 so the high temperatures makes this process spontaneous. |
| What is delta S of the universe? | greater then 0 |
| In the Demonstration with the balloon what was felt when the balloon was stretched? relaxed? | -heat -cool |
| Why does the balloon goes towards the relaxed form? | Because rubber is less ordered in the relaxed stage. it takes enegry to make order such as in pulling the balloon. The balloon naturaly goes back to disorder. |
| Spontaneous goes from ___ to ___ | order to disorder |
| What does the 0 mean on a delta H, delta S or delta G? | means standard state of 1atm or 1M |
| Delta H is in... Delta G is in... Delta S is in... | -Kj -Kj -J |
| What is the second law of Kelvin? | it is impossible in a cyclic process to convert heat into work without giving heat to a cold reservoir. |
| What are two examples of the second of Kelvin? | Car engines and Steam turbines |
| What does the car do for energy? What adsorbs the heat? | Internal combustion Radiator |
| Steam turbines create ...where is the heat adsorbed? | Electricity River and lake |
| What can power plants do to the environment? | They evaporate so much water that they can change the weather. |
| What does the water do for the power plants? | gets rib of the heat |
| what is the second law of Clausis? | It is impossible in a cyclic process to move heat to a hot to a cold without doing work? |
| What is an example the law of Clausis? | A refrigerator |
| What happens to the room temperature when the refrigerator door is left open | the room warms up because the compressor is working harder to compinsate |
| Why aren't the Temperatures the same in reactions of free energy | Because delta H and delta S are functions of T but we don't calculate as such. |
| What is a function for S | S= k*ln(W) |
| What is another equation for delta G using Q? | delta G= delta G 0 +R*T* ln(Q) |
| If the system is at equilibrium delta G=... and Q=... | 0 K |
| what does delta G 0 =? | -R*T*lnK |
| If delta G 0 is less then 0 at equilibrium then K is____ and what is favored? | K is greater then 1 products favored |
| In Case one delta G 0 is less then one K is greater then 1 the reaction is? | Spontaneous Q=1, reaction shifts to the left, delta G increases until Q=K |
| In Case two delta G 0 is greater then 1 and k is less then 0? | reaction shifts to the left and Q decreases, Q=1 so delta G= deltaG0 |
| what is the most abundant mineral? | Feldspar |
| Feldspar is made from? | SiO2+Al |
| What are the top four industrial Chemicals? | Sulfuric Acids, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Ethlylene |
| Where does H2 come from? | natural gas, and could come from hydrolysis of h2O |
| What is the advantage of getting H2 from hydrolysis? | no green house gases but it takes energy |
| H2 as fuel advantages and disadvantages? | no pollutangents, needs a lot of fuel of bonded to a metal which makes it heavy. |
| Where is H2 used for? | @/3 is used for fertilizer and partially hydrogenated oils and Industry reducing agent |
| Why are hydrogenated oils made? | To lower BP and MP |
| What are the three main forms of Carbon? | graphite, diamond and C60 |
| What are the characteristics of graphite? | sp2, pi bonds, planars, good lubricant, absords wavelengths |
| Why is graphite put in tires? | to absorb UV light so rudder doesn't degrade |
| Diamond is a ___ form | sp2 crystalline |
| C60 is in what shape and used in? | soccer ball shape, get a lot in forest fires, forms nanotubes |
| What are the hope of nanotubes? | Be able to deliver medicine |
| What is the difference between silicon, silicates and silicones? | Silicon= element Silicates=SiO2 Silicons= chain of SiOSiOSiO |
| What are examples of silicates and Silicons | -granite -oils higher heat resistance in breast implants |
| What is pure SiO2 | quartz |
| What are the characteristics of silica glass? | very low coef. thermal expansion heat doesn't expand, and low absordance of UV |
| Kimax and Pyrex is what type of glass | B2O3 |
| What are characteristics of B2O3 glass? | lower coeff. of thermal expansion |
| What is the most common glass? | Sodalime |
| Why is Sodalime most common class? | It is cheap but the thermal expansion is high |
| Lead class is made from? Characteristics? | SiO3+PbO it is a crystal which means high refractive index |
| Characteristics of Crystal | High refractive index and rings nicely |
| how is N2 taken from the air? | by fixation either fixed enzymes or bacteria in roots of leguts |
| where is NaN3 found? | In air bags |
| Why shouldn't you mix ammonium with bleach? | It produces very harmful gases |
| What is nitrogen used in? | fertilizer and explosives |
| What is the main nitrogen is explosives? | Nitrates |
| Where do you get gun powder from? | bat droppings |
| What makes explosives smokeless | Sulfer |
| What is added to gun powder to make it good? | Carbon and Sulfer |
| Who figured out how to get nitrates | Hober and Ostould |
| What is Chili salt peter? | NaNO3 |
| N2O is in? | nitrous oxide, laughing gas, whip cream and in righter tires |
| NO comes from? | Cars it is a pollution |
| What color is NO2? | brown |
| Where does phosphorus come from | it is mined |
| Why is white phosphorus explosive? | due to strained bonds |
| White phosphorus is found in? | gernades, it burns skin |
| What are the three types of phosphorus? | white, red and yellow |
| Yellow is a | fertilizer |
| Oxygen comes from? | distilled air |
| What is O2 used in? | welding as an oxidizing agent |
| What changes O2 to O3 | a sppark |
| Why is O3 bad? | It can destroy your lungs |
| Where is O3 found in offices? | Near the photocopiers |
| What is in firemen breathing mask? | K+2OH- +H2O2+O2 |
| O2- | is an oxide? |
| Peroxide is? | O2- 2 |
| What is H2O2 used in? | Cleaning stains and putting on canker sores |
| What is super oxide? | O2 - |
| How do we mine sulfur? | We send down superheated water that melts sulfur and then pump it out. |
| What is another way we can obtain sulfur> | by people going and breaking it off of volcanoes |
| how do you vulcanize tires? | add Sulfur to make the hard hard and not goowy |
| Where do we get Se? | mined |
| what does it prevent? | Prostate cancer |
| What is it used in? | Photocopiers |
| How do photocopiers work? | Se is a photoconductor and when light hits Se becomes conductive the cylinder is charged which causes the toner to stick to the paper |
| Where are most Halogens found? | seawater |
| Where is F2 found? | in ore |
| What can destroy O3? | CFC |
| What is Teflan made out of? | polymers of F-C-F |
| What is chlorine used in? | pesticides and hericides |
| Where is polyvinyl chloride PVC found? | In car seats |
| What is the main component of bleach? | Chlorine |
| Where is Bromine used? | disinfectant at water treatment plants |
| AgBr is used in? | film |
| It takes how many C's to absorb light? | 20 C |
| When the temperature goes up what happens to H, S, G, G0 and K? | G increases, S decreases, H increase, K increases, G0 decrease |
| I2 is mainly used in... | iodized salts |
| what prevents goiters? | KI |
| Why did pioneers have goiters? | Because they had a lack of seafood in their diet and no KI |
| Where is He contained? | in natural gas wells |
| What was helium used in? | Blimps |
| Why are blimps not used today? | Because Germany filled their blimps with H2 and it blew up. |
| What was the name of this blimp? | Hindenburg |
| What is He (l) used for? | coolant |
| what is he l 's temperature? | 4K |
| What is Neon used in? | lights |
| where does neon, Argon and Krypton come from? | distilled air |
| What is Argon used in today? | light bulbs and thermal pane windows, also welders use it to keep stuff like O2 away |
| What do metals conduct? | heat and electricity |
| What is rock? | a mixture of minerals |
| What are group one known as and why? | The chlorides because they react mainly with chloride |
| Group II is known as the.. | carbonates |
| What are the rest of the groups? | Oxides or Sulfides |
| What is an example of calcination? | CaCO3 plus heat-CO2 and CaO(lime) |
| What is an example of roasting? | ZnS+3/2 O2-ZnO+SO2 |
| what does a scubber do? | Takes the SO2 and combines it with CaSO3 |
| Smelting is used for ___ only. | Iron |
| What is found in iron? | SiO2 |
| What process gets aluminum pure? | Cryolite add pure C |
| What is an example of electrolysis? | Na + Cl - Na (l)+Cl2 |
| liquid Na can do what? | float |
| What is substitutional Alloys? | elements with atoms of the same size are suck in place of the other atoms |
| What are some examples of substitutional alloys? | sterling silver, solder, brass, bronze |
| What is in sterling silver? | Ag+Cu |
| What is in Solder? | tin and lead, tin and Copper and tin and silver |
| Which of the solder types is not used anymore? | tin and lead because lead is poisonous. |
| What is in brass? | copper and zinc |
| What is in bronze? | copper and tin |
| What used to be in bronzes in ancient times? | copper and As |
| Why is Hephaistus the greek smith god consider lame? | He worked with bronze which then contained As so he had a contaminated immune system |
| What lead to the fall of the Roam empire? | Pewter plates in the upperclass, they all had lead poisoning |
| What was the Franklin expedition looking for? | Northwest passage |
| How did they get lead poisoning? | canned food back then was sealed with lead |
| What are the two types of tin? | White tin and Grey tin |
| White tin is found in.. | organ pipes |
| What is tin disease? | When white tin turns to grey tin when the temperature is less then 13.2*C |
| Mn is a ___ metal. | Strategic metal |
| How does the US get Mn? | it much be imported |
| What was the cover story that Howard Hues used to grab the Russian submarine? | Mining Mn off the ocean floor |
| Where are most of rare Earths found? | China |
| Who is trying to sue china for the rare earth's? | US |
| How did the two deposits of rare earth elements form? | from meters hitting the Earth |
| What is used for medicine and Iran is looking to get into? | Isotopes |
| How is gold extracted? | by Cyanide leaching |
| Why is this gold extraction harmful? | If it contaminates nature it will kill everything |
Created by:
sfitzpatrick
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