Anit-Infective Agents Pharmacology
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| ANTIBIOTICS OR ANTIBACTERIALS | Medicines created to fight bacterial infections
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| Salvarsan | "The Magic Bullet" -
The organic arsenic compound used to treat syphilis in 1909
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| SULFONAMIDES | Developed from the compound found in red dye in Germany in the 1930's
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| Sulfanilamide | Trade Name: Prontosil (antibiotic)
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| Sulfamethoxazole | Trade Name: Septra and Bactrim (antibiotic)
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| PENICILLINS | First antibiotic developed in the U.S. in the 1940's
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| Penicillin G | Trade Name: Bicillin (injectible)
Penicillin V (oral)
Ampicillin (oral)
Amoxicillin (oral)
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| Methicillin | A synthetic penicillinase-resistant drug
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| Ticarcillin | The new agent that has an extended spectrum of action for the penicillin family
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| AMINOGLYCOSIDES | Prototype for this class is Streptomycin
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| Streptomycin | First aminoglycoside discovered
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| Neomycin | Used in many antibiotic ointments (too toxic for internal use)
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| Gentamicin | Used systemically to treat nasty infections such as gram-negative sepsis.
*This drug family was used to brin TB under control in 1946-47
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| CEPHALOSPORINS | Beta Lactam Drugs
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| Cephalexin | Trade Name: Keflex (a first generation drug)
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| Cefaclor | Trade Name: Ceclor (a second generation drug)
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| Ceftriaxone | Trade Name: Rocephin (a third generation drug) which is used to treat STI's, and other bacterial infections. It is also given with Lidocane to take away pain of a shot
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| CARBAPENEMS & MONOBACTAMS | Beta Lactam Drugs used to treat serious infections resistant to other antibiotics. They are bacterial cell wall inhibitors with no oral forms available. Used to treat: Streptococci Neisseria, Haemophilous, bacteria, & Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococci
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| Aztreonoam | Trade Name: Azactam (best known drug for this group)
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| Tetracycline | First broad spectrum antibiotic
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| Tretracycline | Prototype of Tetracycline but due to resistance is relegated to the position of treating acne
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| Minocycline | Trade Name: Minocin (prescribed to treat the acne vugaris that afflicts young adults and rosacea in adults)
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| Doxycycline | Trade Name: Vibramycin (prescribed to treat the acne vugaris that afflicts young adults and rosacea in adults)
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| Fluoroquinolones | Part of quinolone family of antibiotics
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| Ciprofloxacin | Trade Name: Cirpo (a broad spectrum antibiotic to treat ear infections, pneumonia, & UTI's)
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| Levofloxacin | Trade Name: Levaquin (is heir to Cipro and came to market in the 1990's)
SIDE EFFECT: Rupture of tendons especially the Achilles tendon
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| MACROLIDES | Broad spectrum drugs that can be used by people that are allergic to penicillin. They are "erythromycin-like" antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis
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| Azithromycin | Trade Name: Zithromax (aka Z-pack treatment with only 3 pill dose; broader spectrum; chemically more stable and better tolerated)
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| Clarithromycin | Trade Name: Biaxin (broader spectrum; chemically more stable and better tolerated)
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| Vancomycin | Trade Name: Vancocin (a glycopeptide drug used to treat MRSA)
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| Clindamycin | Trade Name: Cleocin (used topically treat acne and skin infection preparations; alternative for those allergic to penicillin)
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| Metronidazole | Terrible-tasting, terrible drug; hard on stomach, causing diarrhea, etc.; used for anaerobic infections and certain infections of GI tract/vaginal tract (Giardia)
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| Septra or Bactrim | Generic Name: Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole
*Combination Antibiotic
(used to treat uncomplicated UTI's)
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| Augmentin | Generic Name: Amoxicillin + Clavulanate
*Combination Antibiotic
(used in treating infections produced by penicillinase-producing bacteria)
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| ANTIVIRALS | Drugs used to treat viruses and were first developed in the 1950's as treatment for herpes virus infections in the eye
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| HIV/AIDS DRUGS | Introduced in 1995, Protease Inhibitors (PIs) and most potent class of HIV antiviral drugs
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| HAART Therapy | Combinations or "cocktails" of at least 3 drugs belonging to at least 2 classes:
1. 2 NARTIs plus either
2. a protease inhibitor, or
3. a NNRTI
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| NARTI or "Nuke" | Stands for: Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
*AZT was the first anti-AIDS drug, the only one in the early 1990's
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| NNRTI or "Non-Nuke" | Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor and is used in treating the HIV infection
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| PI | Protease Inhibitor and is the 3rd drug in the arsenal to treat HIV
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| Atripla | Combination drug used in the treating of the HIV/AIDs with one pill
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| DRUGS FOR WASTING SYNDROME | Aka: Cachexia - is seen in many patients with severe, chronic illnesses (such as rheumatiod arthritis, cancer, and AIDS)
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| Dronabinol | Trade Name: Marinol ("THC" drug that some patients use instead of the medicinal marijuana)
*Synthetic cannabinoid in form of a pill
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| Megastrol | Trade Name: Megace (A progesterone-like hormone that is used to treat muscle wasting and help with weight gain)
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| DHT | Trade Name: Dihydrotestosterone (male sex hormone that is used to treat muscle wasting and aid with weight gain)
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| HERPES VIRUS DRUGS (besides the drug to treat HIV) | Antivirals available to help deal with HIV, herpes viruses, the hepatitis B & C viruses and influenza A & B)
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| Acyclovir | Trade Name: Zovirax (prototype, was the first to treat herpes viruses such as cold sore approved in 1982, later used to treat genital herpes)
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| Valacyclovir | Trade Name: Valtrex (drug to treat Herpes Virus)
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| INFLUENZA DRUGS | Viral resistance developed to the original influenza drug amantadine, and replace by a group of drugs called neuraminidase inhibitors; 2008-2009 flu season all tested resistant to the adamantanes)
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| Amantadine | Trade Name: Symmetrel (developed in 1960 and was the first developed from tbe adamantine group and not used much any more)
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| Oseltamivir | Trade Name: Tamiflu (newer neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat documented flu)
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| Zanamivir | Trade Name: Relenza(newer neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat documented flu)
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| TIV | Trivalent influenza vaccine
*Vaccine against the flu
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| OTHER ANTIVIRALS |
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| Ribavirin | Drug to treat RSV in babies, hemorrhagic fevers and Hantavirus infections (approved in 1998, as part of a treatment along with a group of natural human hormone chemicals called "interferons")
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| Gardasil Vaccine | Vaccine developed to prevent the development of the STD human papilloma virus that can cause cervical cancer in women
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| ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS |
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| Nystatin | Earliest antifungal
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| Clotrimazole and Miconazole | Azole drgs that are used to treat superficial infections such as thrush, vaginal yeast infections and ringworm
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| Amphotericin B | Aka: "Amphiterrible" (first anti fungal drug for treating systemic fungal infections
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| Fluconazole | Trade Name: Diflucan (tolerated antifungal)
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| Terbinafine | Trade Name: Lamisil (well tolerated systemic antifungal)
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