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Educational Psychology

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Question
Answer
motivation   Inner state that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.  
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affect   Feelings, emotions, and moods that a learner brings to bear on a task.  
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need for arousal   Ongoing need for either physical or cognitive stimulation.  
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need for competence   Basic need to believe that one can deal effectively with one's overall environment.  
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self-worth   Belief about the extent to which one is generally a good, capable individual.  
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need for self-determination   Basic need to believe that one has some autonomy and control regarding the course of one's life.  
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need for relatedness   Basic need to feel socially connected to others and to secure others' love and respect.  
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time on task   Amount of time that students are actively engaged in a learning activity.  
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extrinsic motivation   Motivation resulting from factors eternal to the individual and unrelated to the task being performed.  
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intrinsic motivation   Motivation resulting from personal characteristics or inherent in the task being performed.  
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flow   Intense form of intrinsic motivation, involving complete absorption in and concentration on a challenging activity.  
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situated motivation   Motivation that emerges at least partly from conditions in a learner;s immediate environment.  
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interest   Perception that an activity is intriguing and enticing; typically accompanied by both cognitive engagement and positive affect.  
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situational interest   Interest evoked temporarily by something in the environment.  
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personal interest   Long-term, relatively stable interest in a particular topic or activity.  
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self-efficacy   Belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals.  
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collective self-efficacy   Shared belief of members of a group that they can be successful when they work together in a task.  
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resilient self-efficacy   Belief that one can perform a task successfully even after experiencing setbacks.  
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self-handicapping   Behavior that undermines one's own success as a way of protecting self-worth during potentially difficult tasks.  
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value   Belief that an activity has direct or indirect benefits.  
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internalized motivation   Adoption of other people's priorities and values as one's own.  
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mastery goal   Desire to acquire new knowledge or master new skill.  
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performance goal   Desire to demonstrate high ability and make a good impression.  
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performance-approach goal   Desire to look good and receive favorable judgements from others.  
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performance-avoidance goal   Desire not to look bad or receive unfavorable judgments from others.  
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social goal   Desire related to establishing or maintaining relationships with other people.  
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core goal   Long-term goal that drives much of what a learner does.  
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attribution   Personally constructed casual explanation for a particular event, such as a success or failure.  
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incremental view of intelligence   Belief that intelligence can improve with effort and practice.  
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entity view of intelligence   Belief that intelligence is a distinct ability that is relatively permanent and unchangeable.  
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mastery of orientation   General, fairly pervasive belief that one is capable of accomplishing challenging tasks.  
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learned helplessness   General, fairly pervasive belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control over the environment.  
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self-conscious emotion   Affective state based on self-evaluations regarding the extent to which one's actions meet society's standards for appropriate and desirable behavior; examples are pride, guilt, and shame.  
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hot cognition   Learning or cognitive processing that is emotionally charged.  
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cognitive dissonance   Feeling of mental discomfort caused by new information that conflicts with current knowledge or beliefs.  
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anxiety   Feeling of uneasiness and apprehension concerning a situation with an uncertain outcome.  
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facilitating anxiety   Level of anxiety (usually relatively low) that enhances performance.  
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debilitating anxiety   Anxiety of sufficient intensity that it interferes with performance.  
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threat   Situation in which a learner believes there is little or no chance of success.  
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challenge   Situation in which a learner believes that success is possible with reasonable effort.  
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stereotype threat   Awareness of a negative stereotype about one's own group and accompanying uneasiness that low performance will confirm the stereotype; leads (often unintentionally) to a reduction in performance.  
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proximal goal   Concrete goal that can be accomplished within a short time period; may be a stepping stone toward a longer-term goal.  
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self-fulfilling prophecy   Expectation for an outcome that either directly or indirectly leads to the expected result.  
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emotion self-regulation   Process of keeping one's affective states and affect-related behaviors within productive, culturally desirable limits.  
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