Socioling./J. H.
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| sociolinguistics | relationship between language and society
*explain why we speak differently in different context
*identify social functions of language
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| linguistic variation | Variability in human language:
a single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers of a language will express the same meanings using different forms
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| accent | the way you pronounce
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| dialect | A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language
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| diglossia | a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community
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| discourse domain | features or conventions of language use determined by the context in which communication takes place
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| idiolect | The distinctive speech of an individual, considered as a linguistic pattern unique among speakers of his or her language or dialect.
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| regionalism | A linguistic term for a word, expression, or pronunciation favored by speakers in a particular geographic area.
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| register | one of many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, purpose, and audience.
More generally, register is also used to indicate degrees of formality in language use.
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| social dialect | A variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as sociolect.
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| vernacular | The language of a particular group, profession, region, or country, especially as spoken rather than formally written.
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| linguistic repertoire | the totality of linguistic varieties used in different social contexts by a particular community of speakers
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| h and l varieties | to the community's everyday or vernacular language variety (labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second, highly codified variety (labeled "H" or "high") i
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| polyglossia | multiple languages in the same area
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| code-switching | the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation
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| Multilinguals | people who speak more than one language
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| situational switching | alternation between varieties redefines a situation
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| Metaphorical code-switching | the tendency in a bilingual or multilingual community to switch codes (language or language variety) in conversation in order to discuss a topic that would normally fall into another conversational domain.
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| code mixing | the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech
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| fused lect | mixed language
stable mixture of two or more languages
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| Lexical borrowing | the adoption of individual words or even large sets of vocabulary items from another language or dialect”
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| Intra- sentential switching | code-switching occurs within a sentence or a clause
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| inter sentential switching | code-switching occur between sentences
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| embedded and matrix language | In codeswitching studies, the dominant language is often called the matrix language, into which elements from the embedded language are inserted.
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| Language shift | a process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language
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| language death | a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is decreased
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| language loss | languages are dying out
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| language maintenance | The maintenance of a given language rather than its displacement by another language
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| bilingual education | an educational program in which both a native language and a second language are taught as subject matter
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| Language revival | is when people try to make a language that is not spoken, or is spoken very little, spoken more often again
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| vernacular | a native language or native dialect of a specific population
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| standard | a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse
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| inner circle, | Countries in which English is the first or the dominant language: Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States
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| outer circle, | Post-colonial countries in which English as for a long period of time played a significant role in education, governance, and popular culture: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, and more than 50 other territories.
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| expanded circle varieties of English | Countries in which English has no special administrative status but is recognized as a lingua franca and widely studied as a foreign language
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| lingua franca | a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.[1]
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| lexifier, or superstrate | the dominant language of a particular pidgin or creole language that provides the basis for the majority of vocabulary
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| creole | a stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages
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| creolisation |
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| acrolect, basilect, and mesolect | *variety of speech that is closest to a standard prestige language, especially in an area in which a creole is spoken
*variety of speech that is most remote from the prestige..
*A variety of speech that is midway between the acrolect and the basilect
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| decreolisation | a hypothetical phenomenon whereby over time a creole language reconverges with one of the standard languages from which it originally derived
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| national language | a language (or language variant, i.e. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy
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| official language | a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction
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| de factor and dejure status of languages | *English is the de facto language of Australia
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| language planning | a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community
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| status or prestige planning | the allocation or reallocation of a language or variety to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.
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| corpus planning | the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the language
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| acquisition planning | a national, state or local government system aims to influence aspects of language, such as language status, distribution and literacy through education
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| codification | the process of standardizing and developing a norm for a language
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| iosogloss | the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic feature
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| dialect chain |
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| social dialect | A variety of speech associated with a particular group within a society
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| vernacular | the native language or native dialect of a specific population
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| sociolinguistic patterns |
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| methodology |
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| slang and fine stratification | gradual increase/fall in percentage of use for a certain .... slang words
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| gender-exclusive features |
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| gender-professional features |
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| gender and social class |
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| age grading | a form of social organization based on age
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| ethnicity | a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language
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| African American Vernacular English (AAVE) | a dialect of American English used by many African Americans in certain settings and circumstances
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| British Black English | a variety of the English language spoken by a large number of the Black British population of African Caribbean ancestry.
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| Maori English |
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| social network |
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| network density |
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| uniplex and multiplex networks |
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| community of practice |
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| constructions of social identity |
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