Clinical Kinesiology Chapter 5
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| When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more movable is referred to as the: | show |
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| show | origin |
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| As a muscle contracts, the __________ moves toward the __________. | show |
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| In terms of muscle attachment, the ___________ tend to be closer to the trunk, while the __________ tend to be closer to the distal end. | origins / insertion | show 🗑
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| When the more movable bone becomes less movable and the origin moves toward the insertion during muscle contraction, this is referred to as: | show |
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| __________ muscle fibers are usually longer and tend to have a greater range of motion potential (can move the joint and distal segment further). | show |
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| _________ muscle fibers tend to be shorter, but more numerous per given area, which increases strength. | Oblique | show 🗑
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| show | Strap, Fusiform, Rhomboidal, Triangular |
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| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is spindle-shaped; wider in the middle and tapered at the ends: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis)
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| Four-sided fiber arrangement with flat, broad attachements: Is it parallel or oblique? | Rhomboidal; parallel | show 🗑
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| Flat, fan-shaped fiber arrangement with a broad attachment at one and a narrow attachment at the other: Is it parallel or oblique? | Triangular; parallel | show 🗑
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| ________ fibered muscles have a feather arrangement in which a muscle attaches at an angle to its tendon; much like feather tendrils attach to its quill: | Oblique | show 🗑
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| show | unipennate; oblique | ex) tibialis posterior of the ankle; semimembranous of hip/knee; flexor pollicis longus of the hand
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| Muscles that look like a common feather; Its fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon: Is it parallel or oblique? | bipennate; oblique | show 🗑
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| show | multipennate ; oblique | ex) deltoid ; subscapularis of the shoulder
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| The length of the muscle when it is unstimulated; there are no forces or stress placed on it: | normal resting length | show 🗑
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| A muscle's ability to respond to stimuli; its normal response is to contract: | irritability or excitability | show 🗑
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| The muscle's ability to shorten or contract (producing tension between the ends) when it receives adequate stimulation: | contractility | show 🗑
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| The ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied: | show |
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| show | elasiticity |
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| The muscle that causes the movement: | show |
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| This muscle assists the agonist, but is not as effective: | show |
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| show | size, angle of pull, leverage, and contractile potential | ex) During elbow flexion, the biceps is the prime mover because of its size and angle of pull. The pronator teres is an assisting mover.
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| Keep in mind that the ROLE a muscle plays is specific to a particular _________ _________. | joint action | show 🗑
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| A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist: | show | ex) during elbow flexion, the antagonist is the triceps muscle.
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| The antagonist has the potential to oppose the agonist during muscle contraction, but is usually _________ while the agonist is working. | show |
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| When the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time, this is called: | show |
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| co-contraction occurs when there is a need for: | show |
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| show | Stabilizer (or fixator) |
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| This muscle prevents unwanted motion: | show | ex) The biceps muscle can either flex the elbow or supinate the arm. During flexion, the pronator teres flexes in order to prevent supination.
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| Most muscles have a ________ line of pull. | diagonal | show 🗑
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| The muscle _________ ____ ________ determines the type of movement that occurs at the joint! | show |
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| show | resultant force |
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| The maximal elongation to maximal shortening of a muscle is referred to as: | show |
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| show | half |
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| Muscles can usually stretch to about _______ as far as they can be shortened. | twice | show 🗑
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| Muscles that span over 2 joints may not have as much __________ as one-joint muscles. | excursion | show 🗑
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| The force built up within a muscle: | tension | show 🗑
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| show | passive tension (ie. stretching a rubber band) |
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| The type of tension that involves the contractile elements of a muscle: | active tension (ie. releasing one end of a stretched rubber band) | show 🗑
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| Total tension = | show |
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| The slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting: | show |
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| show | Close to resting length, but slightly longer? (why stretching before exercise is good) |
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| show | the optimal ability for muscle contraction. |
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| Active and passive insufficiency happen in what we call: | two-joint muscles | show 🗑
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| The diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension; when the muscle reaches a point where it cant shorten anymore: | active insufficiency | show 🗑
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| This happens to two-joint muscles when full ROM is attempted simultaneously at all joints crossed: | show |
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| Active insufficiency occurs to the ________ during contraction. | show |
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| show | one-joint |
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| show | The hamstrings are 2-joint muscles that pass over the hip and the knee. They EXTEND the HIP and FLEX the KNEE. There is sufficient tension to extend the hip OR flex the knee, but not both at the same time.... | ...When you flex your knee while your hip is extended, you CANNOT COMPLETE THE KNEE'S FULL ROM.
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| show | passive insufficiency |
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| Passive insufficiency occurs in which muscle role? | the ANTAGONIST {the muscle that is relaxed and on the opposite side of the joint from the antagonist} | show 🗑
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| show | Tenodesis | ex) Passive insufficiency is demonstrated in the finger flexor and extensor muscles because either group cannot be stretched over the wrist, MP, PIP, and DIP joints at the same time.
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| When the wrist is flexed, passive insufficiency of the _________ _________ occurs. | finger flexors | show 🗑
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| When the wrist is extended, passive insufficiency of the _________ _________ occurs. | show |
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| Type of muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts, producing a force, but the muscle does not change length...therefore, no joint movement: | show |
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| show | isotonic |
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| What are the two types of isotonic contraction? | show |
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| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens, the origin and insertion move toward each other, and the contraction occurs AGAINST gravity (overcomes gravity: "acceleration"): | show |
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| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle 'lengthens', the origin and insertion move apart, and the contraction occurs WITH gravity - "deceleration": | show |
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| show | 1) What joint is moving? 2) What joint motion is occurring? 3) What muscle is the agonist performing the joint motion? 4) What muscle is the antagonist in the joint motion? 5) What is the effect of gravity? |
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| show | concentrically |
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| show | eccentrically |
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| If gravity is eliminated during the joint motion in an isotonic muscle contraction, the AGONIST is contracting _____________. | concentrically | show 🗑
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| show | Closed Kinetic Chain | ex) Standing to sitting (When the hip flexes, the knees must flex as well)
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| Which type of kinetic chain involves the distal segment being free to move, while the proximal segment remains stationary? | Open Kinetic Chain | show 🗑
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| Describe the concept of neutralizer in wrist movements: | show |
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| show | Synergist |
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| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is long and thin, with fibers running the entire length of the muscle; these muscles have less range: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) sartorius of the thigh, rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid
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