Clinical Kinesiology Chapter 5
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| When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more movable is referred to as the: | insertion | show 🗑
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| When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more stable is referred to as the: | origin | show 🗑
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| As a muscle contracts, the __________ moves toward the __________. | insertion / origin | show 🗑
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| show | origins / insertion |
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| show | reverse muscle action ie) biceps muscle during chin-ups |
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| __________ muscle fibers are usually longer and tend to have a greater range of motion potential (can move the joint and distal segment further). | show |
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| show | Oblique |
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| Name the different types of parallel muscle fibers: | Strap, Fusiform, Rhomboidal, Triangular | show 🗑
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| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is spindle-shaped; wider in the middle and tapered at the ends: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis)
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| Four-sided fiber arrangement with flat, broad attachements: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) pronator quadratus of forearm; rhomboids of the shoulder girdle; gluteus maximus
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| Flat, fan-shaped fiber arrangement with a broad attachment at one and a narrow attachment at the other: Is it parallel or oblique? | Triangular; parallel | show 🗑
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| ________ fibered muscles have a feather arrangement in which a muscle attaches at an angle to its tendon; much like feather tendrils attach to its quill: | show |
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| show | unipennate; oblique | ex) tibialis posterior of the ankle; semimembranous of hip/knee; flexor pollicis longus of the hand
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| Muscles that look like a common feather; Its fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon: Is it parallel or oblique? | bipennate; oblique | show 🗑
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| Fiber arrangement with many tendons with oblique fibers: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) deltoid ; subscapularis of the shoulder
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| The length of the muscle when it is unstimulated; there are no forces or stress placed on it: | normal resting length | show 🗑
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| show | irritability or excitability |
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| The muscle's ability to shorten or contract (producing tension between the ends) when it receives adequate stimulation: | contractility | show 🗑
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| The ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied: | show |
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| The muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretch or shortening force is removed: | elasiticity | show 🗑
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| show | agonist (or prime mover) |
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| This muscle assists the agonist, but is not as effective: | assisting mover | show 🗑
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| Factors that determine whether a muscle is a prime mover or assisting mover include: | size, angle of pull, leverage, and contractile potential | show 🗑
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| show | joint action |
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| A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist: | show | ex) during elbow flexion, the antagonist is the triceps muscle.
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| The antagonist has the potential to oppose the agonist during muscle contraction, but is usually _________ while the agonist is working. | relaxed | show 🗑
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| When the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time, this is called: | co-contraction | show 🗑
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| show | accuracy NOTE: some think that co-contractions are common during learning a task, but disappears as the task is learned. |
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| This muscle supports the joint to allow the agonist to work more efficiently: | Stabilizer (or fixator) | show 🗑
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| This muscle prevents unwanted motion: | Neutralizer | show 🗑
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| show | diagonal |
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| show | angle of pull |
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| The diagonal angle of pull of muscles is a _________ ________ of a verticle force and a horizontal force. | show |
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| show | Excursion |
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| Muscles are usually capable of shortening to ________ of their normal resting length. | half | show 🗑
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| Muscles can usually stretch to about _______ as far as they can be shortened. | show |
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| show | excursion |
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| show | tension |
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| show | passive tension (ie. stretching a rubber band) |
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| The type of tension that involves the contractile elements of a muscle: | active tension (ie. releasing one end of a stretched rubber band) | show 🗑
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| Total tension = | active tension + passive tension | show 🗑
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| The slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting: | tone | show 🗑
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| What is the optimal length at which a muscle is capable of developing maximum tension? | Close to resting length, but slightly longer? (why stretching before exercise is good) | show 🗑
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| show | the optimal ability for muscle contraction. |
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| show | two-joint muscles | ex) hamstring muscles, quadriceps, gastrocnemius
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| show | active insufficiency |
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| This happens to two-joint muscles when full ROM is attempted simultaneously at all joints crossed: | active insufficiency | show 🗑
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| Active insufficiency occurs to the ________ during contraction. | show |
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| In a ______ _______ muscle, the excursion of the muscle will be greater than the range of motion allowed by the joint. | show |
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| Give an example of active insufficiency: | show | ...When you flex your knee while your hip is extended, you CANNOT COMPLETE THE KNEE'S FULL ROM.
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| show | passive insufficiency |
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| Passive insufficiency occurs in which muscle role? | show |
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| The functional use of passive insufficiency: | Tenodesis | show 🗑
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| show | finger flexors |
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| show | finger extensors |
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| show | isometric |
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| show | isotonic |
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| show | Concentric and Eccentric |
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| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens, the origin and insertion move toward each other, and the contraction occurs AGAINST gravity (overcomes gravity: "acceleration"): | Concentric contraction | show 🗑
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| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle 'lengthens', the origin and insertion move apart, and the contraction occurs WITH gravity - "deceleration": | show |
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| What are the questions we must ask in order to determine whether an isotonic contraction is concentric or eccentric? | show |
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| show | concentrically |
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| show | eccentrically |
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| If gravity is eliminated during the joint motion in an isotonic muscle contraction, the AGONIST is contracting _____________. | show |
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| Which type of kinetic chain involves the distal segment being fixed, while the proximal segment moves? | Closed Kinetic Chain | show 🗑
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| Which type of kinetic chain involves the distal segment being free to move, while the proximal segment remains stationary? | show | ex) In a sitting position while moving knee from flexion to extension (the proximal segment - the hip - doesn't move, but the distal segment - the knee and foot - do move.
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| Describe the concept of neutralizer in wrist movements: | Flexor carpi radialis flexes and radial deviates. Extensor carpi radialis longus extends and radial deviates. In order to have pure radial deviation, the flexor and extensor neutralize each other so no flexing or extending occurs; just radial deviation. | show 🗑
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| show | Synergist |
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| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is long and thin, with fibers running the entire length of the muscle; these muscles have less range: Is it parallel or oblique? | show | ex) sartorius of the thigh, rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid
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