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When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more movable is referred to as the:
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When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more stable is referred to as the:
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Ch 5 Muscular
Clinical Kinesiology Chapter 5
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more movable is referred to as the: | insertion | |
| When a muscle contracts, typically, the bone the muscle is attached to that is more stable is referred to as the: | origin | |
| As a muscle contracts, the __________ moves toward the __________. | insertion / origin | |
| In terms of muscle attachment, the ___________ tend to be closer to the trunk, while the __________ tend to be closer to the distal end. | origins / insertion | |
| When the more movable bone becomes less movable and the origin moves toward the insertion during muscle contraction, this is referred to as: | reverse muscle action ie) biceps muscle during chin-ups | |
| __________ muscle fibers are usually longer and tend to have a greater range of motion potential (can move the joint and distal segment further). | Parallel | |
| _________ muscle fibers tend to be shorter, but more numerous per given area, which increases strength. | Oblique | |
| Name the different types of parallel muscle fibers: | Strap, Fusiform, Rhomboidal, Triangular | |
| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is spindle-shaped; wider in the middle and tapered at the ends: Is it parallel or oblique? | Fusiform; parallel | ex) elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis) |
| Four-sided fiber arrangement with flat, broad attachements: Is it parallel or oblique? | Rhomboidal; parallel | ex) pronator quadratus of forearm; rhomboids of the shoulder girdle; gluteus maximus |
| Flat, fan-shaped fiber arrangement with a broad attachment at one and a narrow attachment at the other: Is it parallel or oblique? | Triangular; parallel | ex) Pectoralis major |
| ________ fibered muscles have a feather arrangement in which a muscle attaches at an angle to its tendon; much like feather tendrils attach to its quill: | Oblique | |
| Muscles that look like one side of a feather, with a series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the central length of the tendon: Is it parallel or oblique? | unipennate; oblique | ex) tibialis posterior of the ankle; semimembranous of hip/knee; flexor pollicis longus of the hand |
| Muscles that look like a common feather; Its fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon: Is it parallel or oblique? | bipennate; oblique | ex) rectus femoris of the hip; interossei muscles of the hand |
| Fiber arrangement with many tendons with oblique fibers: Is it parallel or oblique? | multipennate ; oblique | ex) deltoid ; subscapularis of the shoulder |
| The length of the muscle when it is unstimulated; there are no forces or stress placed on it: | normal resting length | |
| A muscle's ability to respond to stimuli; its normal response is to contract: | irritability or excitability | |
| The muscle's ability to shorten or contract (producing tension between the ends) when it receives adequate stimulation: | contractility | |
| The ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied: | extensibility | |
| The muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretch or shortening force is removed: | elasiticity | |
| The muscle that causes the movement: | agonist (or prime mover) | |
| This muscle assists the agonist, but is not as effective: | assisting mover | |
| Factors that determine whether a muscle is a prime mover or assisting mover include: | size, angle of pull, leverage, and contractile potential | ex) During elbow flexion, the biceps is the prime mover because of its size and angle of pull. The pronator teres is an assisting mover. |
| Keep in mind that the ROLE a muscle plays is specific to a particular _________ _________. | joint action | |
| A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist: | antagonist | ex) during elbow flexion, the antagonist is the triceps muscle. |
| The antagonist has the potential to oppose the agonist during muscle contraction, but is usually _________ while the agonist is working. | relaxed | |
| When the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time, this is called: | co-contraction | |
| co-contraction occurs when there is a need for: | accuracy NOTE: some think that co-contractions are common during learning a task, but disappears as the task is learned. | |
| This muscle supports the joint to allow the agonist to work more efficiently: | Stabilizer (or fixator) | |
| This muscle prevents unwanted motion: | Neutralizer | ex) The biceps muscle can either flex the elbow or supinate the arm. During flexion, the pronator teres flexes in order to prevent supination. |
| Most muscles have a ________ line of pull. | diagonal | |
| The muscle _________ ____ ________ determines the type of movement that occurs at the joint! | angle of pull | |
| The diagonal angle of pull of muscles is a _________ ________ of a verticle force and a horizontal force. | resultant force | |
| The maximal elongation to maximal shortening of a muscle is referred to as: | Excursion | |
| Muscles are usually capable of shortening to ________ of their normal resting length. | half | |
| Muscles can usually stretch to about _______ as far as they can be shortened. | twice | |
| Muscles that span over 2 joints may not have as much __________ as one-joint muscles. | excursion | |
| The force built up within a muscle: | tension | |
| Stretching a muscle builds up ________ __________, which involves non-contractile elements of a muscle. | passive tension (ie. stretching a rubber band) | |
| The type of tension that involves the contractile elements of a muscle: | active tension (ie. releasing one end of a stretched rubber band) | |
| Total tension = | active tension + passive tension | |
| The slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting: | tone | |
| What is the optimal length at which a muscle is capable of developing maximum tension? | Close to resting length, but slightly longer? (why stretching before exercise is good) | |
| When actin and myosin filaments are positioned for maximal cross-bridging, this provides: | the optimal ability for muscle contraction. | |
| Active and passive insufficiency happen in what we call: | two-joint muscles | ex) hamstring muscles, quadriceps, gastrocnemius |
| The diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension; when the muscle reaches a point where it cant shorten anymore: | active insufficiency | |
| This happens to two-joint muscles when full ROM is attempted simultaneously at all joints crossed: | active insufficiency | |
| Active insufficiency occurs to the ________ during contraction. | agonist (or prime mover) | |
| In a ______ _______ muscle, the excursion of the muscle will be greater than the range of motion allowed by the joint. | one-joint | |
| Give an example of active insufficiency: | The hamstrings are 2-joint muscles that pass over the hip and the knee. They EXTEND the HIP and FLEX the KNEE. There is sufficient tension to extend the hip OR flex the knee, but not both at the same time.... | ...When you flex your knee while your hip is extended, you CANNOT COMPLETE THE KNEE'S FULL ROM. |
| Occurs when a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers: | passive insufficiency | |
| Passive insufficiency occurs in which muscle role? | the ANTAGONIST {the muscle that is relaxed and on the opposite side of the joint from the antagonist} | |
| The functional use of passive insufficiency: | Tenodesis | ex) Passive insufficiency is demonstrated in the finger flexor and extensor muscles because either group cannot be stretched over the wrist, MP, PIP, and DIP joints at the same time. |
| When the wrist is flexed, passive insufficiency of the _________ _________ occurs. | finger flexors | |
| When the wrist is extended, passive insufficiency of the _________ _________ occurs. | finger extensors | |
| Type of muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts, producing a force, but the muscle does not change length...therefore, no joint movement: | isometric | |
| Type of muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts, the length changes, and the joint moves: | isotonic | |
| What are the two types of isotonic contraction? | Concentric and Eccentric | |
| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens, the origin and insertion move toward each other, and the contraction occurs AGAINST gravity (overcomes gravity: "acceleration"): | Concentric contraction | |
| Type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle 'lengthens', the origin and insertion move apart, and the contraction occurs WITH gravity - "deceleration": | Eccentric contraction | |
| What are the questions we must ask in order to determine whether an isotonic contraction is concentric or eccentric? | 1) What joint is moving? 2) What joint motion is occurring? 3) What muscle is the agonist performing the joint motion? 4) What muscle is the antagonist in the joint motion? 5) What is the effect of gravity? | |
| If gravity is resisting the joint motion in an isotonic muscle contraction, the AGONIST is contracting _____________. | concentrically | |
| If gravity is assisting the joint motion in an isotonic muscle contraction, the ANTAGONIST muscle is contracting ____________. | eccentrically | |
| If gravity is eliminated during the joint motion in an isotonic muscle contraction, the AGONIST is contracting _____________. | concentrically | |
| Which type of kinetic chain involves the distal segment being fixed, while the proximal segment moves? | Closed Kinetic Chain | ex) Standing to sitting (When the hip flexes, the knees must flex as well) |
| Which type of kinetic chain involves the distal segment being free to move, while the proximal segment remains stationary? | Open Kinetic Chain | ex) In a sitting position while moving knee from flexion to extension (the proximal segment - the hip - doesn't move, but the distal segment - the knee and foot - do move. |
| Describe the concept of neutralizer in wrist movements: | Flexor carpi radialis flexes and radial deviates. Extensor carpi radialis longus extends and radial deviates. In order to have pure radial deviation, the flexor and extensor neutralize each other so no flexing or extending occurs; just radial deviation. | |
| Muscle that works with another to enhance a particular motion (includes: Assisting mover, stabilizer, neutralizer) | Synergist | |
| Fiber arrangement in which the muscle is long and thin, with fibers running the entire length of the muscle; these muscles have less range: Is it parallel or oblique? | Strap; parallel | ex) sartorius of the thigh, rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid |
Created by:
taranorwood