Biology nutrition
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| Long chains of sugar is what this is | glucose
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| this consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions. | fat
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| the major portion of a fatty acid is a long _____________ that stores a lot of energy. | hydrocarbon
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| nucleotide bonded together are these | nucleic acids
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| nuc-nuc-nuc-nuc is this | polymer
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| Nucleic acids made from monomers are called ___ | nucleotide
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| An organic monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group | nucleotide
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| a pentose sugar, CHO, that is a basic component of RNA | RNA
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| this is a long chain of nucleotides with nigrogen bases in the middle | DNA
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| _______is a type of complex acid, called a nucleic acid, made of a repeating pattern of simple building blocks called nucleotides. | DNA
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| Each _______ consists of a phosphate (PO4), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a base which is either adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C). | nucleotide
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| dehydration reactions remove the __________so that monomers can combine to form polymer chains. | hydrogen
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| when the hydrogen is removed bonds form between the existing monomers causing them to form __________. | polymers
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| this is primarily a polysaccharide __________ | starch
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| Where is energy stored? | in all bonds, but primarily between two phosphates.
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| Energy is stored in the _______ _________ between the phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups. | covalent bonds
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| When the third phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial amount of _________ _________ is released. | free energy
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| The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ______ _________ | cellular respiration.
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| Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transport chain. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphoylation | Cellular Respiration
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| dehydration synthesis | process of taking 2 things pulling water out and bonding together
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| hydrolysis | takes 2 thing breaks it apart and puts water back in
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| the mitochondria is the pathway to completely oxidize fuel molecules which mostly is acetyl CoA ,the product from the oxidative decarboxylation of this: | pyruvate
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| When entered into the cycle, there are ten steps of reactions that yield ______and _____. | energy/CO2
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| Once the pyruvic acid is inside, carbon dioxide is enzymatically removed from each ______-______ pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. | three-carbon
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| Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of ____________. | glucose
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| Cellular respiration is therefore a process in which the energy in glucose is ______to ATP. | transferred
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| In respiration, glucose is ______and releases energy. | oxidized
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| The carbon atoms of the sugar molecule are released as ___________ | carbon dioxide (CO2).
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| The complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water requires two major steps: | 1) glycolysis and 2) aerobic respiration
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| In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reactions produce ______ or _________but no additional ATP. | alcohol or lactic acid
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| The electron transport system consists of a series of carrier molecules which pass ______ from a high-energy compound to a final low-energy electron acceptor. | electrons
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| When a carrier reduces another, some of the energy that is released as a result of that reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane into the ____________ space. | intermembrane
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| As a result of the electron transport system, hydrogen ions become _____________ in the intermembrane space. | concentrated
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| The enzyme ATP synthase is able to use the energy of this osmotic gradient to produce ATP as the hydrogen ions move under _________ pressure through the enzyme back into the matrix of the mitochondrion. | osmotic
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| ________ is the final electron acceptor. | Oxygen
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| The low-energy electrons that emerge from the electron transport system are taken up by this: | O2.
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| The negatively charged oxygen molecules take up protons from the medium and form this: | water
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| Although glycolysis does not require oxygen, it does require ________ . | NAD+
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| Cells without oxygen available need to regenerate ______ from NADH so that in the absence of oxygen, at least some ATP can be made by glycolysis. | NAD+
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| To regenerate NAD+ from NADH, the electrons from NADH are added to ______ to produce alcohol (plants, yeast) or lactate (animals, bacteria). | pyruvate
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| Fermentation is needed to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so that at least some ATP can be made in __________. | glycolysis.
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| Electrons from NADH are added to pyruvate (reduction) to produce ________ (plants, yeast) or lactate (animals, bacteria) | alcohol
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| Aerobic respiration occurs when ____ is available. | oxygen
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| NAD+ and FAD carry __________ to the electron transport system. | electrons
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| What does light dependent mean? | first stage of photosynthesis, process which plants capture/store energy from sunlight.
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| Light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ______ and _____ . | ATP /NADPH (only at day)
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| This involves the reduction of carbon dioxide using reduced NADP and ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. | Light independent reactions. (only at night)
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| chemical that starts the pre-Krebs cycle forming acetyl-CoA | pyruvic acid
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| high energy compound that carries electrons to be used later (two formed during the full Krebs cycle); contains less energy than the other high energy compound NADH | FADH2
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| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product (ex. ethyl alcohol & lactic acid) | fermentation
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| What is the key energy storing molecule? | glucose
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| What are the four stages of respiration? | Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| Doesn't Use Oxygen, 2 ATPS only coming from common stage glycolysis, produces lactic acid | Fermentation
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| What does fermentation do? | Regenerate NAD+
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| There are two main stages in glycolysis, they are | phosphorylation and oxydation
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| In phosphorylation, _____ is added and the glucose splits into two molecules of triose phosphate. | water
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| In ________, the triose phosphate molecules lose two H+ ions each. | oxydation
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| In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are both ____ and _______. | made and used
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| The Calvin Cycle happens in the stroma of the __________. | chloroplast
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| Co2 goes in 02 goes out | light independent photosynthesis
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| The Transition Reaction converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis into | two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).
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| Which process produces both NADH and FADH2? | fermentation
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| Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH
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| When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? | splitting the water molecules
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| What are the products of linear photophosphorylation? | ATP and NADPH
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| Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? | Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
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| Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? | thylakoid membranes ofchloroplasts
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| Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during | both photosynthesis and respiration.
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| Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during | respiration
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| Reduction of NADP+occurs during | photosynthesis.
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| The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during | neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
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| Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during | both photosynthesis and respiration.
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| In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the stroma to the thylakoid space. Therefore the catalytic "knobs" of ATP synthase would be located | on the stroma side ofthe membrane.
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| Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? | The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+to the light reactions.
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| Where dothe enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? | stroma of the chloroplast
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| What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? | synthesize simple sugars fromcarbon dioxide
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| Produces molecular oxygen (O2) light reactions alone T or F | T
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| the Calvin cycle alone Requires ATP T or F | T
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| neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle Produces NADH T or F | T
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| light reactions alone Produces NADPH T or F | T
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| the Calvin cycle alone Produces three-carbon sugars T or F | T
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| the Calvin cycle alone Requires CO2 T or F | T
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| The Calvin Cycle Requires ATP T or F | T
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| The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as havethe pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find? | The pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma.
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| Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of | 3-phosphoglycerate molecules
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| The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with | ATP and NADPH
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| Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? | H2O NADPH Calvin cycle
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| In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to | oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
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| Which process is most directly driven by light energy? | removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
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| Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? | release of oxygen
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| During oxidation, energy is released and a phosphate group is added to what molecule in order to create ATP? | ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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| Which carboxylic acid is produced as a product of the first reaction of the Krebs cycle? | citrate
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| In prokaryotes, where does the oxidation of NADH occur within the cell? | in the plasma membrane
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| The electron transport chain consists of a series of what type of reactions? | reduction-oxidation reactions
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| Aerobic respiration relies on what element as an electron acceptor? | oxygen
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| Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast? | alcohol fermentation
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| Which type of fermentation occurs in humans? | lactic acid fermentation
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| When fermentation occurs, which molecule accepts electrons from NADH in the place of oxygen? | pyruvate (or a derivation of pyruvate)
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| Which process is more efficient for energy production: fermentation or cellular respiration? | cellular respiration
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| What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways? | Catabolic pathways involve the breaking down of molecules to produce ATP. -Anabolic pathways involve creating larger molecules from smaller molecules.
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| True or false: The electron transport chain continues to function during fermentation. | F cannot function during fermentation
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| When glucose is found in excess, into what is it converted? | glycogen
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| What is the product of a light-dependent photosynthesis reaction? | NADPH or ATP
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| What comes out of a light-independent photosynthesis reaction? | sugar
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| True or false: The light-independent and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur at separate times. | False; they occur simultaneously.
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| Inside chloroplasts, grana are interconnected stacks made up of what structures? | thylakoids
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| Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? | The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme.
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| Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? | mitochondrial inner membrane
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| Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? | Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
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| The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during | neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
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| The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in | the light reactions alone.
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| Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a | three carbon sugar
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| In the process, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of | NADH are produced
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| The Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis are | converted to a slightly different compound (acetyl CoA)
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| The compounds, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are | reduced in the process
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| NAD and FAD in reduced forms carry the "high energy" electrons to | the next stage
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| The Citric Acid Cycle occurs only when oxygen | is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly
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| Electron Transport requires | oxygen directly
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| The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carriers in the membrane of the | mitochondria in eukaryotic cells
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| Through a series of reactions, the "high energy" electrons are passed to | oxygen
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| In the process, a gradient is formed, and ultimately | ATP is produced
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| Most of the energy harvested from organic molecules during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is stored in | NADH and FADH2
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| NADH and FADH2 give up their high energy in the third phase of cellular respiration________ _________ | oxydidative phosphorylation, where most ATP fuel is produced.
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| The electron transport chain is an array of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the _________ ___________ of the mitochondria. | inter membrane
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| NADH gets rid of its high-energy ________ to the first complex in the transport chain | electrons
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| Electrons move from one member of the chain to the next, giving up their energy as they are pulled from NADH toward highly electric negative _________. | oxygen
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| The energy given up by the flow of electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the ______ _________ space. | intermembrane space
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| Oxygen captures the electrons in the _________ ______ step in the electron transport. | very last
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| The last complex adds a pair of electrons to an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms to form _________. | water
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| The electric transport chain has used the energy of moving electrons to pump ______ ions in the intermembrane space . | hydrogen
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| The buildup of hydrogen ions is like a dam. It stores the potential energy that was originally in the bonds of __________ molecules. | glucose
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| The backed up hydrogen ions give up their energy when they diffuse through a special protein in the membrane called ____ synthase. | ATP
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| As hydrogen ions flow down their __________ gradient, ATP synthase captures their energy to make ATP. | concentration
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| This mode of ATP production is called _________ _________ because it is powered by the transfer of electrons to oxygen. | oxidative phosphorylation
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| Under normal conditions, almost all the ATP produced in the process of cellular respiration is powered by __________ __________ and oxidative phosphorylation. | electron transport
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| About 34 ATPs for every every _________ consumed. | glucose
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| Gylcolysis and the Citric Acid cycle produce small amounts of ATP via _____-_______ phosyphorylation | sub-strate
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| Most of the cells ATP is made via ___________ phosphorylation | oxidative
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| When NADH and FADH2 produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle give up to oxygen the electrons obtained from ___________ __________. | organic molecules.
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| The primary objective of glycolysis is to produce _________. | pyruvate
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| Gylcolysis produces a small and limited amount of ATP without _______. | oxygen (hence the name anerobic)
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| Without oxygen pyruvate turns into _____ acid- | lactic
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| Yeast converts pyruvate into ________. | Ethanol
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| The light _________reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). | dependent
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| The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make ________(the Calvin Cycle). | glucose
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| The light ________ reactions produce carbohydrates by using ATP and NADPH that was formed from the light-dependent reactions. | independent
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| Which of the following is NOT a part of an ATP molecule? a. adenine b. ribose c. chlorophyll d. phosphate | c chlorophyll
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| Energy is released from ATP when | a phosphate group is removed.
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| Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into | oxygen and high-energy sugars.
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| Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called | pigments.
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| Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis? | Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
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| How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions? | It takes place in the stroma.
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| If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s production of high-energy sugars? | Fewer sugars will be produced.
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| Photosynthesis requires light, water, carbon dioxide, and | chlorophyll
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| The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ____________________ molecules. | water
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| The light-dependent reactions take place inside the chloroplasts in stacks of ____ called | thylakoids/grana
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| Light from the _____ is absorbed by plant pigments such as | sun/chlorophyll
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| The enegy from sunlight is used to split molecules of | water
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| The gas ______ produced and returned to the atmosphere | oxygen
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| The remaining H+ ions and _____(e-'s) are used to recharge the ____carrying molecules needed for the light-independent reactions: | electrons/energy
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| ADP is recharged to become | ATP
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| NADP+ is recharged to become | NADPH
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| The light-independent phase is sometimes called the "_____" phase because it does not rely directly upon sunlight | dark
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| The light independent reactions take place in the fluid of the chloroplast called the ______ | stroma
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| The energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH, which were recharged in the light dependent reactions, are used to incorporate the gas _____ into molecules that make the sugar called _______ | carbon dioxide/glucose
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| This sugar has the formula______. This set of reactions, powered by ATP and NADPH, is collectively called the _____ cycle. | CHO, calvin cycle
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| Oxidative phosphorylation is to respiration is to _________ is to photosynthesis | the electron transport chain
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| During which cellular process is ATP released? | krebs cycle of cellular respiration and glycolosis
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