Ch12 Nerv System
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show | Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
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show | bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tussue and blood vessels
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Ganglia | show 🗑
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Enteric plexuses | show 🗑
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show | A structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment.
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show | Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system.
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Somatic nervous system | show 🗑
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Autonomic Nervous System | show 🗑
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Two divisions of the ANS | show 🗑
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Enteric Nervous System | show 🗑
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Functions of the Nervous System | show 🗑
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Effectors | show 🗑
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show | The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential.
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show | Any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential.
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show | An electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron. Travels due to the movement of ions between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron.
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Nissl Bodies | show 🗑
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Neurofibrils | show 🗑
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show | Assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon.
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show | Contained in aging neurons. Pigment.
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show | Any neuronal process that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.
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Dendrites | show 🗑
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Axon | show 🗑
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Axon Hillock | show 🗑
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show | The part of the axom closest to the axon hillock.
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show | Where nerve impulses arise. The junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment.
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Axoplasm | show 🗑
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show | Plasma membrane of the axon.
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Synapse | show 🗑
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show | Tiny membrane-enclosed sacs that store neurotransmitters.
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Neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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Slow Axonal Transport | show 🗑
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Fast Axonal Transport | show 🗑
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Multipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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Bipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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Unipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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Sensory or Afferent Neurons | show 🗑
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show | Convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors through cranial or spinal nerves.
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show | Mainly located in the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Integrate incoming sensory info and elicit a motor response.
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Neuroglia | show 🗑
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Astrocytes | show 🗑
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Oligodendrocytes | show 🗑
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show | A multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
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Microglia | show 🗑
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show | Cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia. Produce, monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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show | Encircle PNS axons. Form myelin sheath. Each myelinates a single axon. Participates in axon regeneration.
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Satellite Cells | show 🗑
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show | The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Found only around axons in the PNS
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show | Gaps in the myelin sheath.
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Ganglion | show 🗑
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Nucleus | show 🗑
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show | A bundle of axons lcated in the PNS.
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Tract | show 🗑
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show | Composed primarily of myelinated axons
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show | Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.
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show | Used for short distance communication only.
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Action Potentials | show 🗑
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show | In excitable cells, an electrical potential difference across the membrane.
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Electrochemical Gradient | show 🗑
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Leak channels | show 🗑
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Ligand-gated Channel | show 🗑
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show | Opens or closes in response to vibration, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching. Found in auditory receptors in the ears, in receptors that monitor stretching of internal organs, and in touch receptors and pressure receptors in the skin.
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show | Opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conductin of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.
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Resting Membrane Potential | show 🗑
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show | A small deviation from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized. Mechanically gated or ligand gated channels open or close. The electrical signals vary depending on the strength of the stimulus.
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show | When the response makes the membrane more polarized
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Depolarizing Graded Potential | show 🗑
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Decremental Conduction | show 🗑
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Summation | show 🗑
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show | The negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaches zero, and then becomes positive. The voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into the cell. The inside of the membrane becomes more positive than the outside.
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Repolarizing Phase of an Action Potential | show 🗑
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After-Hyperpolarizing Phase | show 🗑
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show | An action potential occurs in the membrane of the axon of a neuron when depolarization reaches this level. The generation of an action potential depends on whether a particular stimulus reaches this level.
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Subthreshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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show | A stimulus that is just strong enough to depolarize the membrane to threshold.
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Suprathreshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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All-or-None Principle | show 🗑
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show | The period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in ersponse to a normal threshold stimulus.
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Absolute Refractory Period | show 🗑
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Relative Refractory Period | show 🗑
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Propagation | show 🗑
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show | Involves step-by-step depolarization and repolarization of each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane. Occurs in unmyelinated axons and in muscle fibers.
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show | Special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons. Occurs because of uneven distribution of voltage-gated channels. The action potential appears to leap from node to node. Travels faster. Uses less ATP.
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Factors that Affect the Speed of Propagation | show 🗑
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show | Largest diameter axons, mylinated. Conduct at speeds of 12-130 m/sec. Axons associated with touch, pressure, position, thermal and pain sensations, motor neurons that conduct to skeletal muscles.
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show | Axons that are smaller than A fibers. Myelinated. 15m/sec. Conduct impulses from the viscera to the brain and spinal cord. Constitute all the axons of the autonomuc motor neurons that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the ANS relay stations.
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show | The smallest axons. Unmyelinated. 0.5-2m/sec. Longest absolute refractory periods. Conduct some sensory impulses for pain, touch, pressure, heat, and cold, and pain from the viscera. Constrict and dilate pupils, increase and decrease heart rate.
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show | A light touch generates a low frequency of action potentials. A firmer pressure elicits action potentials that pass down the axon at a higher frequency. Also, a firm pressure stimulates a larger number of pressure-sensitive neurons than does a light touch
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show | Arise in dendrites and cell body. Ligand-gated or mech gated channels. Decremental. Amplitude depends on stimulus. Duration is longer. No refractory period; summation can occur.
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show | Arise at trigger zpnes and propagate along axon. Voltage-gated channels. Permit comm over ong distance. Amplitude is all or none. Duration is short. Consists of depolarizing followed by repolarizing. Refractory period present; no summation.
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show | Refers to a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse.
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show | The cell that receies a signal. May be a postsynaptic neuron or an effector cell.
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Electrical Synapse | show 🗑
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show | The splasma membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are close but do not touch. The presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses through the fluid and binds to the postsynaptic neuron.
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Synaptic Cleft | show 🗑
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Postsynaptic Potential | show 🗑
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show | The time required for the processes at a chemical synapse.
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Voltage-Gated Ca Channels | show 🗑
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show | After the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft, they bind to these receptors on ligand-gated channels, which open and allow particular ions to flow across.
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show | A depolarizing postsynaptic potential.
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential | show 🗑
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show | A type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site and the ion channel are components of the same protein.
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Metabotropic Receptor | show 🗑
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Removal of Neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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show | A summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli thata occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time.
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Temporal Summation | show 🗑
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show | Neurotransmitter which is released by many PNS neurons and by some CNS neurons. Excitatory or inhibitory.
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Amino Acids | show 🗑
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Biogenic Amines | show 🗑
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show | Plays roles in arousal, dreaming, and regulating mood.
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show | Plays roles in emotional responses, addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences. Help regulate skeletal muscle tone and movement.
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show | Involved in sensory perception, temperature regulation, control of mood, appetite, and the induction of sleep.
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show | Neurotransmitters consisting of 3-40 aino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins. | show 🗑
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Substance P | show 🗑
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Neural Circuits | show 🗑
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Simple Series Circuit | show 🗑
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show | When a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons.
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Diverging Ciruit | show 🗑
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Convergence | show 🗑
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Converging Circuit | show 🗑
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Reverberating Circuit | show 🗑
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Plasticity | show 🗑
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Regeneration | show 🗑
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show | The birth of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells. Appears in animals. Happens in the adult human hippocampus, an area crucial for learning.
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Damage and Repair in the PNS | show 🗑
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Chromatolysis | show 🗑
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show | Degeneration of the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath. The neurolemma remains. After this Macrophages phagocytize the debris and the axon is regenerated.
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show | The Schwann cells on either side of an injured site multiply, grow toward each other and form this. It guides growth of a new axon.
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show | The center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decision, taking action, directing behavior towards others, intellect, emotions, behavior, and memory.
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Neural Tube | show 🗑
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The Parts of the Brain | show 🗑
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Protective Covering of the Brain | show 🗑
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The Cranial Meninges | show 🗑
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show | Cerebral arterial circle at the base of the brain from which blood flows.
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show | Utilizes about 20% of the O2 in the body. One of the most metabolically active organs.
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show | Because carb storage in the brain is limited, the supply of glucose to the brain must be continuous. Deficiency may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness.
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Blood Brain Barrier | show 🗑
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show | Consists of tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, thick basement membrane surrounding the capillaries and astrocyte processes that secrete chemicals to maintain permeability.
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show | A clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.
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show | Provides mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation.
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show | By filtration of blood plasma from networks of capillaries called choroid plexuses found in the 4 ventricles and circulates through the suarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal.
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Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier | show 🗑
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show | Reabsorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal blodd sinus. Occurs at the same rate at which CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses, thereby maintaining a relatively constant CSF volume and pressure.
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