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Ch12 Nerv System

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Answer
show Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.  
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show bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tussue and blood vessels  
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Ganglia   show
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Enteric plexuses   show
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show A structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment.  
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show Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system.  
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Somatic nervous system   show
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Autonomic Nervous System   show
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Two divisions of the ANS   show
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Enteric Nervous System   show
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Functions of the Nervous System   show
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Effectors   show
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show The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential.  
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show Any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential.  
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show An electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron. Travels due to the movement of ions between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron.  
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Nissl Bodies   show
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Neurofibrils   show
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show Assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon.  
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show Contained in aging neurons. Pigment.  
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show Any neuronal process that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.  
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Dendrites   show
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Axon   show
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Axon Hillock   show
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show The part of the axom closest to the axon hillock.  
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show Where nerve impulses arise. The junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment.  
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Axoplasm   show
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show Plasma membrane of the axon.  
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Synapse   show
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show Tiny membrane-enclosed sacs that store neurotransmitters.  
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Neurotransmitter   show
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Slow Axonal Transport   show
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Fast Axonal Transport   show
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Multipolar Neurons   show
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Bipolar Neurons   show
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Unipolar Neurons   show
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Sensory or Afferent Neurons   show
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show Convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors through cranial or spinal nerves.  
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show Mainly located in the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Integrate incoming sensory info and elicit a motor response.  
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Neuroglia   show
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Astrocytes   show
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Oligodendrocytes   show
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show A multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.  
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Microglia   show
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show Cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia. Produce, monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.  
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show Encircle PNS axons. Form myelin sheath. Each myelinates a single axon. Participates in axon regeneration.  
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Satellite Cells   show
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show The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Found only around axons in the PNS  
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show Gaps in the myelin sheath.  
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Ganglion   show
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Nucleus   show
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show A bundle of axons lcated in the PNS.  
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Tract   show
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show Composed primarily of myelinated axons  
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show Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.  
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show Used for short distance communication only.  
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Action Potentials   show
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show In excitable cells, an electrical potential difference across the membrane.  
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Electrochemical Gradient   show
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Leak channels   show
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Ligand-gated Channel   show
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show Opens or closes in response to vibration, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching. Found in auditory receptors in the ears, in receptors that monitor stretching of internal organs, and in touch receptors and pressure receptors in the skin.  
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show Opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conductin of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.  
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Resting Membrane Potential   show
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show A small deviation from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized. Mechanically gated or ligand gated channels open or close. The electrical signals vary depending on the strength of the stimulus.  
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show When the response makes the membrane more polarized  
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Depolarizing Graded Potential   show
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Decremental Conduction   show
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Summation   show
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show The negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaches zero, and then becomes positive. The voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into the cell. The inside of the membrane becomes more positive than the outside.  
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Repolarizing Phase of an Action Potential   show
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After-Hyperpolarizing Phase   show
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show An action potential occurs in the membrane of the axon of a neuron when depolarization reaches this level. The generation of an action potential depends on whether a particular stimulus reaches this level.  
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Subthreshold Stimulus   show
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show A stimulus that is just strong enough to depolarize the membrane to threshold.  
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Suprathreshold Stimulus   show
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All-or-None Principle   show
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show The period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in ersponse to a normal threshold stimulus.  
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Absolute Refractory Period   show
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Relative Refractory Period   show
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Propagation   show
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show Involves step-by-step depolarization and repolarization of each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane. Occurs in unmyelinated axons and in muscle fibers.  
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show Special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons. Occurs because of uneven distribution of voltage-gated channels. The action potential appears to leap from node to node. Travels faster. Uses less ATP.  
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Factors that Affect the Speed of Propagation   show
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show Largest diameter axons, mylinated. Conduct at speeds of 12-130 m/sec. Axons associated with touch, pressure, position, thermal and pain sensations, motor neurons that conduct to skeletal muscles.  
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show Axons that are smaller than A fibers. Myelinated. 15m/sec. Conduct impulses from the viscera to the brain and spinal cord. Constitute all the axons of the autonomuc motor neurons that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the ANS relay stations.  
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show The smallest axons. Unmyelinated. 0.5-2m/sec. Longest absolute refractory periods. Conduct some sensory impulses for pain, touch, pressure, heat, and cold, and pain from the viscera. Constrict and dilate pupils, increase and decrease heart rate.  
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show A light touch generates a low frequency of action potentials. A firmer pressure elicits action potentials that pass down the axon at a higher frequency. Also, a firm pressure stimulates a larger number of pressure-sensitive neurons than does a light touch  
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show Arise in dendrites and cell body. Ligand-gated or mech gated channels. Decremental. Amplitude depends on stimulus. Duration is longer. No refractory period; summation can occur.  
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show Arise at trigger zpnes and propagate along axon. Voltage-gated channels. Permit comm over ong distance. Amplitude is all or none. Duration is short. Consists of depolarizing followed by repolarizing. Refractory period present; no summation.  
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show Refers to a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse.  
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show The cell that receies a signal. May be a postsynaptic neuron or an effector cell.  
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Electrical Synapse   show
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show The splasma membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are close but do not touch. The presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses through the fluid and binds to the postsynaptic neuron.  
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Synaptic Cleft   show
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Postsynaptic Potential   show
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show The time required for the processes at a chemical synapse.  
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Voltage-Gated Ca Channels   show
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show After the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft, they bind to these receptors on ligand-gated channels, which open and allow particular ions to flow across.  
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show A depolarizing postsynaptic potential.  
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential   show
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show A type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site and the ion channel are components of the same protein.  
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Metabotropic Receptor   show
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Removal of Neurotransmitter   show
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show A summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli thata occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time.  
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Temporal Summation   show
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show Neurotransmitter which is released by many PNS neurons and by some CNS neurons. Excitatory or inhibitory.  
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Amino Acids   show
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Biogenic Amines   show
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show Plays roles in arousal, dreaming, and regulating mood.  
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show Plays roles in emotional responses, addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences. Help regulate skeletal muscle tone and movement.  
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show Involved in sensory perception, temperature regulation, control of mood, appetite, and the induction of sleep.  
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show Neurotransmitters consisting of 3-40 aino acids linked by peptide bonds.  
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Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins.   show
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Substance P   show
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Neural Circuits   show
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Simple Series Circuit   show
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show When a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons.  
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Diverging Ciruit   show
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Convergence   show
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Converging Circuit   show
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Reverberating Circuit   show
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Plasticity   show
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Regeneration   show
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show The birth of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells. Appears in animals. Happens in the adult human hippocampus, an area crucial for learning.  
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Damage and Repair in the PNS   show
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Chromatolysis   show
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show Degeneration of the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath. The neurolemma remains. After this Macrophages phagocytize the debris and the axon is regenerated.  
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show The Schwann cells on either side of an injured site multiply, grow toward each other and form this. It guides growth of a new axon.  
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show The center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decision, taking action, directing behavior towards others, intellect, emotions, behavior, and memory.  
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Neural Tube   show
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The Parts of the Brain   show
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Protective Covering of the Brain   show
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The Cranial Meninges   show
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show Cerebral arterial circle at the base of the brain from which blood flows.  
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show Utilizes about 20% of the O2 in the body. One of the most metabolically active organs.  
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show Because carb storage in the brain is limited, the supply of glucose to the brain must be continuous. Deficiency may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness.  
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Blood Brain Barrier   show
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show Consists of tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, thick basement membrane surrounding the capillaries and astrocyte processes that secrete chemicals to maintain permeability.  
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show A clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.  
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show Provides mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation.  
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show By filtration of blood plasma from networks of capillaries called choroid plexuses found in the 4 ventricles and circulates through the suarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal.  
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Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier   show
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show Reabsorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal blodd sinus. Occurs at the same rate at which CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses, thereby maintaining a relatively constant CSF volume and pressure.  
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