Ch12 Nerv System
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| show | Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
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| Nerve | show 🗑
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| Ganglia | show 🗑
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| show | Extensive networks of neurons locatesd in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| show | A structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment.
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| Parts of the PNS | show 🗑
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| Somatic nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Motor neurons conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. INVOLUNTARY
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| show | Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
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| show | Brain of the gut. Involuntary.
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| Functions of the Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Effectors | show 🗑
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| show | The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential.
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| Stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | An electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron. Travels due to the movement of ions between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron.
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| Nissl Bodies | show 🗑
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| Neurofibrils | show 🗑
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| show | Assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon.
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| show | Contained in aging neurons. Pigment.
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| Nerve Fiber | show 🗑
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| show | Receiving or input portions of a neuron.
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| Axon | show 🗑
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| Axon Hillock | show 🗑
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| show | The part of the axom closest to the axon hillock.
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| Trigger Zone | show 🗑
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| show | The cytoplasm of an axon.
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| Axolemma | show 🗑
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| show | The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell.
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| Synaptic Vesicles | show 🗑
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| show | A molecule released from a synaptic vesicle that excites or inhibits another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell.
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| Slow Axonal Transport | show 🗑
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| Fast Axonal Transport | show 🗑
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| Multipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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| Bipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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| Unipolar Neurons | show 🗑
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| Sensory or Afferent Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors through cranial or spinal nerves.
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| Interneurons or Association Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells and setellite cells.
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| show | Contain microfilaments that give them strength and enable thm to support neurons. Processes of astrocytes wrap around capillaries to isolate neurons of the CNS from harmful subs in blood. Blood/Brain Barrier
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| show | Form and maintain the myelin sheath around CNS axons.
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| show | A multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
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| Microglia | show 🗑
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| show | Cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia. Produce, monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Schwann Cells | show 🗑
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| Satellite Cells | show 🗑
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| show | The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Found only around axons in the PNS
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| show | Gaps in the myelin sheath.
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| Ganglion | show 🗑
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| Nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | A bundle of axons lcated in the PNS.
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| show | A bundle of axons that is located in the CNS
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| show | Composed primarily of myelinated axons
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| Gray matter | show 🗑
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| Graded Potentials | show 🗑
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| Action Potentials | show 🗑
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| show | In excitable cells, an electrical potential difference across the membrane.
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| show | A concentration difference plus an elctrical difference. As iions move,they create a flow of electrical current that can change the membrane potential.
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| Leak channels | show 🗑
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| show | Opens and closes in response to the binding of a ligand stimulus. Neurotransmitters, hormones, and particular ions can open or close these. Located in some sensory neurons, and in interneurons and motor neurons.
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| show | Opens or closes in response to vibration, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching. Found in auditory receptors in the ears, in receptors that monitor stretching of internal organs, and in touch receptors and pressure receptors in the skin.
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| show | Opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conductin of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.
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| show | Exists because of buildup of negative ions along the inside of the membrane and positive ions outside. Such a separation is a form of potential energy.
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| show | A small deviation from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized. Mechanically gated or ligand gated channels open or close. The electrical signals vary depending on the strength of the stimulus.
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| show | When the response makes the membrane more polarized
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| Depolarizing Graded Potential | show 🗑
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| Decremental Conduction | show 🗑
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| Summation | show 🗑
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| Depolarizing Phase of an Action Potential | show 🗑
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| Repolarizing Phase of an Action Potential | show 🗑
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| After-Hyperpolarizing Phase | show 🗑
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| show | An action potential occurs in the membrane of the axon of a neuron when depolarization reaches this level. The generation of an action potential depends on whether a particular stimulus reaches this level.
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| Subthreshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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| Threshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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| Suprathreshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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| All-or-None Principle | show 🗑
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| show | The period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in ersponse to a normal threshold stimulus.
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| Absolute Refractory Period | show 🗑
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| Relative Refractory Period | show 🗑
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| show | How information is communicated through action potentials. Not decremental. Depends on positive feedback. The action potential regenerates over and over at adjacent regions of membrane from the trigger zone to the axon terminals.
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| Continuous Conduction | show 🗑
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| Saltatory Conduction | show 🗑
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| show | Amount of myelination, Axon diameter (larger axons propagate faster because of larger surface area), and Temperature (propagate slower when cooled).
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| show | Largest diameter axons, mylinated. Conduct at speeds of 12-130 m/sec. Axons associated with touch, pressure, position, thermal and pain sensations, motor neurons that conduct to skeletal muscles.
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| B fibers | show 🗑
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| C fibers | show 🗑
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| show | A light touch generates a low frequency of action potentials. A firmer pressure elicits action potentials that pass down the axon at a higher frequency. Also, a firm pressure stimulates a larger number of pressure-sensitive neurons than does a light touch
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| Graded Potential Characteristics | show 🗑
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| Characteristics of Action Potentials | show 🗑
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| Presynaptic Neuron | show 🗑
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| show | The cell that receies a signal. May be a postsynaptic neuron or an effector cell.
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| Electrical Synapse | show 🗑
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| Chemical Synapse | show 🗑
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| show | Space in chemical synapses.
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| show | A type of graded potential produced by the postsynaptic neuron when it receives the chemical signal. The ions change the voltage across the membrane. It may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing. When a depol potential reaches threshold, action pot triggers.
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| Synaptic Delay | show 🗑
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| Voltage-Gated Ca Channels | show 🗑
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| show | After the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft, they bind to these receptors on ligand-gated channels, which open and allow particular ions to flow across.
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| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential | show 🗑
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| show | A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential.
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| show | A type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site and the ion channel are components of the same protein.
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| Metabotropic Receptor | show 🗑
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| Removal of Neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| Spatial Summation | show 🗑
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| Temporal Summation | show 🗑
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| show | Neurotransmitter which is released by many PNS neurons and by some CNS neurons. Excitatory or inhibitory.
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| show | Serve as neurotransmitters in the CNS. Glutamate and asparate are excitatory. Glutamate works in the brain. GABA and glycine are inhibitory.
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| Biogenic Amines | show 🗑
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| show | Plays roles in arousal, dreaming, and regulating mood.
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| Dopamine | show 🗑
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| Serotonin | show 🗑
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| show | Neurotransmitters consisting of 3-40 aino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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| show | Opioid peptides. Neuropeptides that relieve pain.
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| show | Neuropeptide released by neurons that transmit pain-related input from peripheral pain receptors into the CNS, enhancing the perception of pain.
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| show | Neurons trhat process specific types of information organized into complicated networks
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| show | A presynaptic neuron stimulates a single postsynaptic neuron. The second stimulates another, and so on.
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| Divergence | show 🗑
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| show | The nerve impulse from a single prsynaptic neuron causes the stimulation of increasing numbers of cells along the circuit. Sensory signals are arranged this way, allowing a sensory impulse to be relayed to several regions of the brain.
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| Convergence | show 🗑
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| Converging Circuit | show 🗑
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| Reverberating Circuit | show 🗑
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| show | The capability of the nervous system to change based on experience. The sprouting of new dendrites, synthesis of new proteins, and changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons.
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| Regeneration | show 🗑
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| Neurogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | Axons and dendrites associated with a neurolemma may undergo repair if the cell body is intact, if the Schwann cells are functional, and if scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly.
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| Chromatolysis | show 🗑
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| show | Degeneration of the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath. The neurolemma remains. After this Macrophages phagocytize the debris and the axon is regenerated.
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| show | The Schwann cells on either side of an injured site multiply, grow toward each other and form this. It guides growth of a new axon.
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| show | The center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decision, taking action, directing behavior towards others, intellect, emotions, behavior, and memory.
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| Neural Tube | show 🗑
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| show | The brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
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| Protective Covering of the Brain | show 🗑
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| The Cranial Meninges | show 🗑
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| Circle of Willis | show 🗑
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| Oxyegn in the Brain | show 🗑
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| Glucose in the Brain | show 🗑
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| show | Protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood to the brain.
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| Blood Brain Barrier Composition | show 🗑
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| show | A clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.
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| show | Provides mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation.
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| How CSF is formed | show 🗑
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| show | Materials entering CSF from the choroid capillaries cannot leak between the surrounding ependymal cells, which permit certain substances to enter the fluid but exclude others and protect the brain and spinal cord from harmful elements.
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| show | Reabsorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal blodd sinus. Occurs at the same rate at which CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses, thereby maintaining a relatively constant CSF volume and pressure.
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