Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
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| Gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, amino acids and CAC intermediates and glycerol and Propionyl CoA.
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| Gluconeogenis occurs | ONLY when there is an excess of energy
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| Regulation | only one of either gluconeogenesis or glycolysis occurs at one given time
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| Amt of glucose | is usually fairly constant
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| Glucose stores | not enough for one day
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| Liver | is the metabolic centre. Contains glycogen stores and gluconeogenesis occurs here.
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| G6Pase | only foind in liver cells. (removes phosphate group and leaves glucose to be exported out of the liver.
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| Synth glucose from pyruvate [1] | Pyruvate (3C) --> oxaloacetate (4C) PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
1ATP and CO2 required, carries a prosthetic group (biotin)
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| Malate shuffle | to produce NADH (cytosol) and because there is no transporter for oxaloacetate out of mitochondria MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
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| Glucose from pyruvate [1] | Oxaloacetate <--> phosphoenolpyruvate PEP CARBOXYKINASE
release of CO2; 1GTP required
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| Pyruvate carboxylase on/off | ON high energy. OFF low energy
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| HIGH Acetyl-CoA (control mechanism) | turns pyruvate carboxylase ON. turns pyruvate dehydrogenase OFF.
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| Pyruvate carboxylase is | an anaplerotic enzyme. has the ability to top up levels of critical intermediates.
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| Acetyl CoA control | decides whether oxaloacetate proceeds to GNG or CAC
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| HIGH ATP, NADH or Acetyl CoA | oxaloacetate --> GNG
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| LOW ATP | oxaloacetate --> CAC
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| Glucose from pyruvate [2] | Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate --> Fructose 6 Phosphate FRUCTOSE 16 BIPHOSPHATASE. futile cycle: product is formed but can reverse and form reactant again.
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| glucose from pyruvate [3] | Glucose 6 Phosphate --> Glucose GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATASE
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| Regulatory enzymes | Pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 16 biphosphatase(turned on by high energy conditions and by hormonal control)
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| GNG USES energy | 4ATP, 2GTP, 2NADH
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| Glucose from lactate | lactate is sent to liver, converted to glucose and sent back to the muscles. LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (lactate --> pyruvate in liver)
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| synthesis of GLYCOGEN | Glycogen synthase...
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| Glycogen synthase | utilizes UDP-glucose as one substrate and the non-reducing end of glycogen as another. The activation of glucose to be used for glycogen synthesis is carried out by the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
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| Glycogen is | highly branched to allow for fast mobilisation
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| Glycogen is synthesized | at the non-reducing end. breakdown is also from the non-reducing end
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| Glycogenin | begins synthesis. synthesises at least a tetrasaccharide then glycogen synthase takes over.
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| SDL4 | check it
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| Biosynthesis of lipods | Acetyl CoA -> Malonyl CoA -> FAs
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| Acetyl CoA + CO2 using Acetyl CoA carboxylase | Malonyl CoA
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| Acetyl CoA has biotin carrier | that acts as a cofactor to carry CO2
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| NADPH | reducing power to allow reaction
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| Sources of Acetyl CoA | from carbs or protein breakdown THEREFORE excess carbs and proteins converted to fat
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| Synthesis of FA occus | in the cytosol, therefore Acetyl CoA needs to be transported via citrate to cytosol
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| Malonyl CoA inhibit | carnatine transporters so as to prevent FA degradation
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| Ketone bodies | provide CoA that can be used as energy but are not preferred over glucose
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| Starvation | check yellow book
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