Organic Chemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| show | Highly cohesive (high affinity for one another)and polar.
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| show | The measure of the force of an atom's attraction for the electron it shares in a chemical bond with another atom.
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| Electronegativity in the periodic table | show 🗑
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| show | < 0.5
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| Polar bonds | show 🗑
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| Ionic bonds | show 🗑
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| show | proton donor, produces H3O+ ions in aqueous solutions.
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| BASE | show 🗑
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| show | ----> because equilibrium is far right.
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| pH | show 🗑
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| The LARGER the pKa (small Ka) | show 🗑
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| show | the STRONGER the acid
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| show | STRONG base
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| show | WEAK base
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| show | it is converted to its conjugate acid
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| show | it is converted to its conjugate base
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| Buffer solution | show 🗑
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| show | - reactive parts of organic molecules
- essential for life
- same functional groups on compounds allows similar reactivity
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| Alkane | show 🗑
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| Alkene | show 🗑
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| TRANS | show 🗑
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| CIS | show 🗑
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| Nomenclature | show 🗑
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| show | higher atomic number determines priority
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| show | Alkane - H
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| show | Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent but have a significant effect on properties:
- Higher bp than alkanes
- more soluble in water
both due to (-OH)
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| show | 1°, 2°, 3° depending on how many H's have been replaced.
-polar
- weak bases, aqueous solutions are basic
- aliphatic amines ~pKb 3-4
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| Aliphatic | show 🗑
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| show | H-C=O
Methanal: 2H's
Everything else: 1H & 1C
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| Ketones -one | show 🗑
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| Aldehyde & Ketone properties | show 🗑
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| show | - high bp, very strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds
- solubility decreases and hydrophobic tail increases
- resonance increases acidity
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| show | different compounds with the same molecular formula
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| Constitutional isomer: | show 🗑
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| Stereoisomer: | show 🗑
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| show | mirror images, non-superimposable.
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| show | non-mirror images.
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| Chiral: | show 🗑
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| Achiral: | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon with 4 different groups bonded to it.
2 stereocentres = 2^2
Therefore, 4 stereoisomers.
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| Oxidation: | show 🗑
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| show | ADDITION of electrons or H to an atom or REMOVAL of O
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| show | universal carriers of phosphate groups, energy source
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| show | Hydrolysis of terminal phosphate of ATP gives ADP + phosphate + energy
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| show | coenzymes involved in oxidation/reduction of metabolic intermediates
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| NAD+ | show 🗑
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| show | reduced form of NAD+
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| FADH/FADH2 | show 🗑
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| show | process by which FA, in the form of Acel-CoA, are broken down to form Acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the CAC.
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| show | oxidation of C-C to C=C by FAD
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| show | hydration of C=C, R enantiomer formed
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| β-oxidation [3] | show 🗑
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| β-oxidation [4] | show 🗑
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| Carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | OH LEFT
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| D + | show 🗑
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| show | Anomeric carbon is the new stereocentre that is formed
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| OH RIGHT | show 🗑
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| show | F: up Haworth: β
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| Mutarotation: | show 🗑
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| show | α-1,4 - glucosidic bonds
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| show | α- 1, 2 - glucosidic bonds
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| Unbranched polys | show 🗑
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| Branched polys | show 🗑
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| show | 1,4 α glucosidic bonds & 1,6 α glucosidic bonds
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| Cellulose | show 🗑
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| show | -insolubility in H2O due to large hydrocarbon component
- saturated: solid/semi-solid
- unsaturated: liquid
- storage of energy
- made of glycerol + 3 FAs
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| Saturated lipids | show 🗑
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| show | INCREASE mp as C decreases & C=C decrease
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| Micelle: | show 🗑
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| Waxes: | show 🗑
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| Phospholipids: | show 🗑
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| Saponification: | show 🗑
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| show | usually C12-20, unbranched, C-C, C=C (must be cis)
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| show | Side chains determine their behaviour in water,
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| show | is pH at which majority of molecules in solution have no nett charge.
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| show | Electrical potential applied, move towards opposite charge. Higher charge density move faster that those with lower charge density. At pI don't move.
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| show | from N terminal
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| Peptides have | show 🗑
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| show | -(O=)C-H-N-
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| show | aa sequence
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| Secondary protein structure | show 🗑
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| Tertiary protein structures | show 🗑
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| show | Tertiary put together. The arrangement of polypeptide chains into a non covalently bonded aggregation.
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| show | non-polar groups cluster in a way that they are shielded from contact with aqueous environment.
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| show | to active site.
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| Uncompetative inhibition | show 🗑
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| show | either one, may not affect active site.
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| show | ...........
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| Amino acids | show 🗑
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| Saccharides | show 🗑
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| Saccharides | show 🗑
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| show | (CH2O)n
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| show | 3-6 joined monosaccharides
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| show | ALPHA opposite. BETA same. as CH2OH
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| Cycloalkanes | show 🗑
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| show | Liver oxidises the alcohol to an aldehyde which is toxic. Aldehyde can then be converted into a carboxylic acid which can be used as a source of energy.
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| Amines | show 🗑
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| show | is polar as the oxygen is more electronegative that the carbon
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| show | 4-5
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| Carboxacids reaction with bases | show 🗑
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| Carboxyl Derivatives - Esters | show 🗑
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| show | organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom (N), or a compound that contains this functional group
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| show | reduction to lactate or ethanol. oxidation and decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA.
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| show | begins in the cytoplasm with the formation of a thioester. involves a reaction with ATP and then a reaction with coenzyme A,
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| show | stereocentre of monosaccharide farthest from carbonyl group
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| Anomer: | show 🗑
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| show | humans do not have a β-glucosidase to break cellulose's bonds
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| Glycogen | show 🗑
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| Glycerol | show 🗑
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