General Chemistry
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| law of conservation of mass | the total mass remains constant during a chemical reaction
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| law of definite proportions | all samples have the same composition or all samples have the same proportions, by mass of all the elements present.
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| law of multiple proportions | when two or more different compounds of the same two elements are compared, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
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| Dalton's Atomic Theory | Proposed in 1803 to explain the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple proportions
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| isotopes | atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of a given atom of a given element
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| mass number | is an integral number that is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom.
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| nomenclature | is the method for naming compounds and writing formulas for compounds
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| molecular formula | gives the number of each kind of atom in a molecule
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| empirical formula | simply gives the (whole number) ratio of atoms of elements in a compound
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| cation | has a positive charge from loss of electrons
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| anion | has a negative charge from gain of electrons
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| ionic compound | oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other such that the compound has no net charge
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| formula unit | the simplest collection of cations and anions that represents an electrically neutral unit
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| polyatomic ion | a charged group of covalently bonded atoms
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| acids | -taste sour if diluted with enough water to be tasted safely
-react with metals to produce ionic compounds and hydrogen gas
-also react with bases, thus losing their acidic properties
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| Hydrates | an ionic compound in which the formula unit includes a fixed number of water molecules associated with cations and anions
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| bases | -taste bitter if diluted with enough water
-feel slippery or soapy on the skin
-turns color from red to blue
-reacts with acids, thus losing their basic properties
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| Arrhenius acid | is a compound that ionizes in water to form a solution H+ ions and anions
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| Arrhenius base | is a compound that ionizes in water to form solutions of OH- and cations
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| Neutralization | the process of an acid reacting with base to form water and a salt
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| salt | the combination of the cation from a base and the anion from the acid
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| Hydrocarbons | molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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| Alkanes | are saturated (have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms)
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| Isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
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| organic chemistry | the study of carbon and its compounds
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| functional group | an atom or group of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon chain, which confers particular physical and/or chemical properties upon the compound
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| Alcohol | functional group is a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon chain
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| Carboxylic acids | have a caboxyl group attached to the carbon chain. Acidic
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| atomic mass | given on the periodic table and is the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element.
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