fundamentals of xray test 1
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| who discovered x-rays | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
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| when were x-rays discovered | November 8, 1895
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| where were x-rays discovered | Wuerzberg University, Germany
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| what does ASRT stand for | American Society of Radiologic Technologist
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| what does ARRT stand for | American Registry of Radiologic Technologist
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| what does JRCERT stand for | Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
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| what does RT(R) stand for | Registered Technologist in Radiography
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| what does ALARA stand for | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| what is the function of the JRCERT | they accredit educational programs in:
-Radiography
-Radiation Therapy
-Medical Dosimetry
-MRI
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| what is the function of the ARRT | it is the national certification and registration agency for registered technologist
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| what is the function of the Joint Commission on Accredidation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHCO) | accredits health care organizations
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| what is the function of the ASRT | national professional association for radiologic technologist.
-professional curriculum
-practice standards(scope of practice)
-position statements
-professional development and advancement
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| what is the function of the DOH MQA | they license technologist and our equipment
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| matter | anything that occupies space and has shape or form. 3 sates of matter:
-gas
-liquid
-solid
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| energy | ability to work
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| radiograph | image on a film
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| projection | path of the central ray(CR)
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| view | what the image receptor(IR) sees
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| position | patient's physical position
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| ionization | gain or loss of an electron
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| atomic #(Z#) | # of protons in nucleus
-equal # electrons
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| atomic mass(A#) | # of protons + # of neutrons
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| isotope | same atomic #, but different atomic mass
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| photon | discrete bundle of energy
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| kinetic energy | energy in use
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| what is an x-ray | -electromagnetic energy(photon) -polyenergetic and heterogenous(many wavelengths)
-travel at speed of light in a vacum(3 x 10 to the 8th power m/s) -emission of light
-ionize matter, produce secondary and scatter radiation
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| what are the different types of gonadal shields | -flat
-shaped
-shadow
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| film badge | film is exposed to get dose reading
-<10 mRem= M
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| osl | optically stimulated luminescent
(dosimetry)
-more sensitive than film badges
-active ingrediant is alluminum oxide chip
-stimulated by lasers, chip gives off light which is measured to get dose
-<1 mRem= M
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| tld | thermoluminescent dosimeters
(ring badges)
-active ingrediant is lithium flouride chip which is stimulated by heat to produce a dose reading
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| what are the cardinal rules of radiation safety | -time- as short as possible
-distance- as long as possible
-shielding- lead(88 k-shell binding)
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| what are the primary exposure(technical) factors | -mA
-kVp
-time
-SID
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| mA | -millinamperage(mA)
-Quantity of radiation
-controls: patient dose
-degree of blackening(radiographic density)
-image brightness
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| kVp | -killovolts peak(kVp
-beam quality
-controls: contrast,higher kVp for more penetration, but you must lower mA so there is less quantity
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| time | exposure time
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| SID | -source to image distance
-controls: size distortion, and patient dose
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| how are x-rays produced | 1. source of electrons(thermionic emission from filament)
2. focusing cup focuses electron stream
3. circuit is closed creating potential difference. excess electrons flow to target
4. something must stop or break the beams path. thermal and xrays em
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| describe the primary barrier in walls | from the floor to 7' there should be 1/16" lead(Pb) equivalent(lead and concrete), which protects those outside the room from the primary beam.
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| describe the secondary barrier in walls | from the top of primary barrier to the ceiling(with 1/2" overlap) there should be 1/32" lead(Pb) equivalent, and this protects those outside room from scatter and leakage
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| how much lead should be in aprons and protection apparel for technologist | .5mm of lead for aprons and .25 mm for all all other apparel
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| how much lead protection is in pt shields | .25 mm lead
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| what are the rules for applying lead | -pt of child bearing age(0-55)
-does not cover area of interest
-gonads lie within or close proximity(5cm)of beams central ray
-do not shield and do sloppy work
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| what is the unit of measurement for wavelength | angstroms
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| what is the unit of measurement for frequency | hertz
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| what is the unit of measurement for energy | joules
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| what is wavelength | the distance from peak to peak in a wave form
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| what is frequency | the number of waves per measurement
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| what is the formula for how many electrons should be in each shell of and element | 2n squared
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| where is the highest energy compton scatter | at 90 degrees from beam
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| where is the majority of compton scatter | at 180 degrees
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| what is the most common interaction between xrays and the body | photoelectric absorbtion
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| what is penetration | when the xray travels through and object
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| 1 sievert(sV) is how many Rem | 100
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| 1 mRem is how many Rem | .001(1/1000)
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| sV is equal to what | gray(gy) x weighting factor
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| roentgen(R) | exposure in air of x or gamma (skin dose to pt)
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| Gray(RAD) | Radiation Absorbed Dose
-absorbed dose of any radiation in any tissue
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| Sievert(REM) | -Radiation Equivalent to Man
-dose equivalent for personnel
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| what is the occupational dose limit for one year | -50 mSv(5rem) whole body
-150 mSv(15 rem) eye
-500 mSv(50 rem) hands feet and other organsf
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| what are the dose limits for a fetus | -.5 mSv(.05 rem) monthly
-5 mSv(.5 rem) gestation
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| what are the non-occupational dose limits for one year | -1 mSv(.1 rem) continuous
-5 mSv(.5 rem) infrequent
-15 mSv(1.5 rem) eyes
-50 mSv(5 rem) other tissues and organs
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| what is the accidental once in a life time dose | 250 mSv(25 rem)
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| what is the cumulative dose allowed for occupational | 1 x age(dose limit not reached goes into your rem bank)
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| wavelength, energy and frequency have what kind of relationship | -energy and wavelength=indirect -energy and frequency=direct -wavelength and frequency=indirect
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| what is the FSRT | florida society of radiologic technologist
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| ACR | american college radiology(develops protocols
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