Clin Path
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the maturation sequence of a platelet? | PPSC-> Myeloid stem cell-> Megakaryoblast->Megakaryocyte
🗑
|
||||
| What is the parent cell of the platelet? | Megakaryocyte
🗑
|
||||
| What is required to stimulate for PPSC to differentiate into megakaryocytes? | TPO- Thrombopoietin
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 main sources of TPO? | liver, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Describe a megakaryocyte. | Large, multinucleated, abundant cytoplasm. Nuclei fuse to resemble a large multilobed nucleus.
🗑
|
||||
| Where do megakaryocytes reside most commonly? | bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| How many PLTs form from a single megakaryocyte? | 1000-5000
🗑
|
||||
| What portion of the megakaryocyte break off and enter the bloodstream as PLTs? | infoldings
🗑
|
||||
| Where are PLTs most commonly stored? | Spleen
🗑
|
||||
| How long do PLTs survive in circulation in the cat? | 1 day
🗑
|
||||
| How long do PLTs survive in circulation in the dog? | 5-8 days
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for PLT? | thrombocyte
🗑
|
||||
| What activates a PLT? | Insult or injury to the host
🗑
|
||||
| What do PLTs lack that would normally classify them as a cell? | nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| There are more PLTs in the blood than _______ but fewer PLTs than ______. | WBCs; RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| True or false. PLTs have a greater variety of functions than any of the true blood cells | True
🗑
|
||||
| Most PLTS are smaller than what other blood cell? | RBC
🗑
|
||||
| In what species do PLTS stain lighter than other spp? | Horses
🗑
|
||||
| What color are the granules of a PLT? | pink/purple
🗑
|
||||
| What shape are PLTs normally? | discoid
🗑
|
||||
| What type of PLTs are occasionally seen in blood smears and are considered to be more active than smaller PLTs? | Giant PLTs
🗑
|
||||
| What structure is seen on activated PLTs and makes it easier for PLTs to stick to one another? | dendritic processes
🗑
|
||||
| What is the range of PLTs seen in dogs? | 200,000-500,000
🗑
|
||||
| What is the range of PLTs seen in cats? | 300,000-700,000
🗑
|
||||
| What is the range of PLTs seen overall in all spp? | 100,000-800,000
🗑
|
||||
| What spp has the lowest of normal concentrations? | horses
🗑
|
||||
| What spp has the highest of normal concentrations? | cattle
🗑
|
||||
| What happens to animals if their PLT conc is <10,000-50,000? | Spontaneous bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| What percentage of bleeding disorders in cats/dogs result from abnormal PLT number? | 90%
🗑
|
||||
| During a differential count, seeing how many PLTs in a HPF is considered to be adequate? | 8-10
🗑
|
||||
| If PLT numbers are lower than 8-10 per HPF what should be suspected? | Clot
🗑
|
||||
| What 3 things should be done if PLT numbers are decreased on a blood film? | 1-Check body of smear for clumps 2-Check feathered edge for clumps 3-Check blood tube for clots
🗑
|
||||
| In what spp of animal is PLT clumping common in? | cats
🗑
|
||||
| PLT clumping is the result of _____________ to draw blood. | needle stick
🗑
|
||||
| What can occur invitro due to low ratio of anticoagulant to blood? | PLT clumping
🗑
|
||||
| What type of pattern should be used when doing a PLT estimation? | Embattlement pattern
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 methods of PLT estimation? | Direct and indirect
🗑
|
||||
| What method of PLT estimation involves counting 10 HPFs, then determining the average and finally multiplying by 20,000? | direct
🗑
|
||||
| What method of PLT estimation is done by counting every PLT then dividing by 100? | indirect
🗑
|
||||
| What is the primary function of a PLT? | maintain vascular integrity
🗑
|
||||
| Thromboxane is an example of what? | vasocontrictor
🗑
|
||||
| What initiates the process of a PLT plug formation? | damaged blood vessel
🗑
|
||||
| What are the procoagulants secreted by PLTs? | Factor XII, Factor XIII, PF1, PF2, PF3, and PF4
🗑
|
||||
| What is PF? | Platelet factor
🗑
|
||||
| What is PDGF? | Platelet derived growth factor
🗑
|
||||
| What do PLTs secrete to help repair damaged vessels? | PDGF
🗑
|
||||
| What PLT secretion stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair damaged vessels? | PDGF
🗑
|
||||
| What process stimulates the secretion of TPA? | fibrinolysis
🗑
|
||||
| What is TPA? | Tissue plasminogen activator
🗑
|
||||
| What is responsible for converting plasminogen to plasin? | TPA
🗑
|
||||
| True or false. PLTs are phagocytic. | True
🗑
|
||||
| What term refers to the arrest or stoppage of blood loss from vessels? | hemostasis
🗑
|
||||
| The process of hemostasis is dependant on what three things? | Vessel integrity, adequate number of circulating PLTs and presense of adequate coagulation factors
🗑
|
||||
| What organ is essential to coagulation? | liver
🗑
|
||||
| Ehler danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome are examples of what kind of disorders? | collagen
🗑
|
||||
| What organ synthesizes most clotting factors? | liver
🗑
|
||||
| What does the liver produce that is essential for vitamin K synthesis? | bile
🗑
|
||||
| What vitamin is required to form a clot? | K
🗑
|
||||
| What 4 factors require vitamin k for activation? | II, VII, IX, and X
🗑
|
||||
| What is the MAIN task of primary hemostasis? | platelet plug formation
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 steps of primary hemostasis? | endothelial response (vasoconstriction), platelet adhesion, and platelet aggregation
🗑
|
||||
| When do PLTs become activated? | Upon adherring to the normal endothelium
🗑
|
||||
| Endothelial response = _________________. | Vasoconstriction
🗑
|
||||
| What term refers to group of PLTs adhereing to each other? | aggregation
🗑
|
||||
| What is the ultimate goal of secondary hemostasis? | fibrin formation
🗑
|
||||
| What part of hemostasis is known as coagulation cascade? | secondary hemostasis
🗑
|
||||
| What encompasses the platelet plug and provides a superstructure for healing? | fibrin
🗑
|
||||
| What part of hemostasis is intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways involved in? | secondary
🗑
|
||||
| True or false. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways typically occur simultaneously after injury. | True
🗑
|
||||
| Factors involved with intrinsic pathway come from what type of source? | Plasma or platelets
🗑
|
||||
| What factor is embedded in the plasma membrane of most cells and is released by trauma? | Factor III
🗑
|
||||
| Factors involved with extrinsic pathways come from what type of sources? | those other than blood
🗑
|
||||
| After how long does clot retraction occur? | ~30 mins
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 nicknames for a clot retraction? | purse string or cinch sack
🗑
|
||||
| What term refers to any disorder of blood coagulation? | coagulopathy
🗑
|
||||
| How are coagulopathies categorized? | according to the stage of hemostasis they affect
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 types of coagulopathies? | aquired or genetic
🗑
|
||||
| Coagulopathies may involve defects or deficits in what three things? | vasculature, platelets or coagulation factors
🗑
|
||||
| What type of coagulopathies are associated with a single coagulation factor? | genetic
🗑
|
||||
| What type of coagulopathies are associated with multiple coagulation factors? | acquired
🗑
|
||||
| What part of the body makes a majority of the clotting factors? | liver
🗑
|
||||
| What are 2 reasons you should suspect a hemostatic disorder? | (4 total) increased bleeding time after venipuncture, evidence of bleeding into body cavities, family history of bleeding diathesis, or a history of prolonged bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic bleeding and prolonged bleeding are clinical signs of what type of hemostasis? | primary hemostasis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 types of quantitative primary hemostasis? | thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| What type of parasite destroys platelets? | ehrlichia platys
🗑
|
||||
| Less than how many platelets is considered to thrombocytopenia? | less than 30,000
🗑
|
||||
| More than how many platelets is considered to be thrombocytosis? | more than 1 million
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 4 causes of thrombocytopenia? | decreased production, increased rate of destruction, activation, and consumption
🗑
|
||||
| What is thrombocytopenia most commonly caused by? | infectious diseases
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 causes of thrombocytosis? | bone marrow disorders, secondary disorders, and splenic contractions
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 types of qualitative primary hemostasis? | von willebrands disease and thrombocytopathy
🗑
|
||||
| What carries VWF? | PLT granules
🗑
|
||||
| What is the test of choice for VWD? | BMBT
🗑
|
||||
| What is BMBT? | Buccal mucosa bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| What breed of dog is the #1 risk for VWD? | Doberman pinscher
🗑
|
||||
| What condition usually results from defective granules? | thrombocytopathy
🗑
|
||||
| What is the number 1 cause of thrombocytopathy? | NSAIDs
🗑
|
||||
| What are 2 acquired vascular causes of bleeding? | scurvy or cushings
🗑
|
||||
| What are 2 hereditary vascular causes of bleeding? | Ehlers Danlos or Marfan syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| What type of hemostasis have clinical signs like delayed bleeding, rebleeding, or hematoma formation? | secondary hemostasis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 acquired defects of secondary hemostasis? | DIC, Hepatic disease, and rodenticide toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Name a common active ingredient of rodenticides. | Warfarin, Coumarin, and Dicoumarol
🗑
|
||||
| What factors require vitamin K for activation? | II, VII, IX, and X
🗑
|
||||
| What test is used to confirm warfarin toxicity? | OSPT
🗑
|
||||
| What is OSPT? | One step prothrombin time
🗑
|
||||
| What is PIVKA? | Proteins induced by vitamin K absence
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 tests of choice for rodenticide toxicity? | PIVKA and OSPT
🗑
|
||||
| What type of RBCs are seen with DIC? | Schistocytes
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 phases of DIC? | Peracute, acute, and chronic
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for the peracute stage of DIC? | hypercoagulable
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for the acute stage of DIC? | consumptive
🗑
|
||||
| What clotting factor is activated by venom? | Factor X
🗑
|
||||
| Is fibrinogen and PLT counts increased or decreased with DIC? | increased
🗑
|
||||
| What 2 tests are prolonged with both DIC and liver dysfunction? | PT and PTT
🗑
|
||||
| How id DIC diagnosed? | three abnormal coagulation test results
🗑
|
||||
| Administration of what is controversial with DIC? | heparin
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 potential causes of thrombosis? | Changes in vessel wall, changes in blood constituents, and changes in blood flow
🗑
|
||||
| Saddle thrombus occurs most commonly in what species with what disorder? | felines with hypertropic cardiomyopathy
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 mechanisms that work together to stop the flow of blood? | vasocontriction, platelet plug formation and clotting
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 substances that control vasocontriction within the body? | epinephrine and thromboxane
🗑
|
||||
| What type of hemostasis is all about vasocontriction and platelet plug formation? | Primary
🗑
|
||||
| _____________ inhibits the action of thromboxane. | Aspirin
🗑
|
||||
| PLTs must first adhere to what before becoming activated? | collagen
🗑
|
||||
| The process of clotting requires what enzyme (responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin) | thrombin
🗑
|
||||
| What is the ultimate goal of secondary hemostasis? | fibrin formation
🗑
|
||||
| Damage to the tissue stimulates the activation of what factor that also catalyzes the activation of factor X? | tissue thromboplastin
🗑
|
||||
| What enzyme dissolves clots? | plasmin
🗑
|
||||
| What type of anticoagulant inhibits the processing of vitamin K? | coumadin
🗑
|
||||
| What type of anticoagulant inhibits the activity of thrombin? | heparin
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 drugs used to dissolves clots? | TPA and streptokinase
🗑
|
||||
| What is the drug of choice for dissolving a clot? | streptokinase
🗑
|
||||
| What condition is caused by a deficiency of any of the clotting factors? | hemophilia
🗑
|
||||
| 80% of all hemophilics are deficient in what factor? | VIII
🗑
|
||||
| What substance is essential to the maturation of several clotting factors? | vitamin k
🗑
|
||||
| How long does the intrinsic pathway take? | 3-6 minutes
🗑
|
||||
| How long does the extrinsic pathway take? | 15 seconds
🗑
|
||||
| What type of anticoagulant prevents the conversion of thrombin from prothrombin? | heparin
🗑
|
||||
| What clotting factor is required for factor X to activate the prothrombin activator? | V
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for thromboplastin or factor III? | tissue factor
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for proconvertin of factor VII? | stable factor
🗑
|
||||
| Which clotting factor is carried on VWF? | XIII
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
fadedfaithless