X-Ray Darkroom and Film
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| What is a TECHNIQUE CHART | Listings of exposure factors to be used on various radiographic exams
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| A well contructed technique chart has trusted techinques that produce films with what? | Adequate DENSITY & CONTRAST
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| A Technique chart provides the following information | mA - kVp and the (SID) Source-imaging distance
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| The TOOL USED FOR BODY MEASUREMENT IS CALLED A | CALIPER
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| T/F - TECHNIQUE CHARTS ARE BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE BODY PART TO BE RADIOGRAPHED | TRUE
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| Manual technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray caliper; These measurements are expressed as: | Thickness, in centimeters
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| What are the 2 main types of Technique Charts that can be used | - Variable kVp Chart
- Fixed kVp Chart
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| Of the 2 Types of Technique Charts which one is the most preferable? | THE FIXED kVp Chart
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| The kVp that is sufficient to penetrate the body part adequately without excess exposure to the patient is called? | OPTIMUM kVp
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| What factors need to be considered when seleting the mA station? | Exposure time and Focal Spot Size
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| The advantages of using a variable kVp technique chart are? | - lower overall image contrast
- improved visibility of detail
- ability t make small incremental changes in exposure technique
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| Why should the SMALL FOCAL SPOT be uses as much as possible? | it provides a better image sharpness
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| How should exposure factors be adjusted when there is a liklihood of motion | Increase mA and Decrease Exposure Time
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| What is the fule of thumb on selecting mA and Exposure time | use the highest possible mA with the shortest possible time for the mAs and focal spot size you want
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| The general guidelines for focal spot selection is as follows |
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| Uses: 50 - 100 mA (small focal spot) | Upper Extrmities: finger,hand,wrist,forarm,elbow,humerus,shoulder,scapula and clavical
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| Usues: 200mA (upper limit for small focal spot) | Thoracic Spine, Lumbar Spine, Abdomen, Skull
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| Uses: 300+ mA (large focal spot) | Chest, any procedure where the patient cannot hold still
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| 20 mAs @ 68kVp = | SHORT SCALE (high) CONTRAST
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| The Relationship between mAs & SID is | DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
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| WHAT IS GCF | GRID CONVERSION FACTOR
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| NO GRID IS = TO | 1
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| 5:1 GRID IS = TO | 3
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| 8:1 GRID IS = TO | 4
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| 12:1 GRID IS = TO | 5
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| 16:1 GRIS IS = TO | 6
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| What is the relationship between mAs & RS SPEED | INVERSLY PROPORTIONAL
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| A fiberglass cast will require an increase of mAs of how much? | NO CHAGE REQUIRED
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| Which of the following x-ray projections can benefit from the use of compensating filters | Anteroposterior (AP) throacic spine
Axiolateral Hip
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| T/F= Once established on the technique chart, the kVp should never be changed unless contrast need to be changed? | TRUE
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| If a compensating filter is used with a body part that has significantly varying tissue density, such as the shoulder in AP projection, two separate exposures will still hanve to be made | FALSE
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| The use of compensating filters can help reduce the entrance skin exposure | TRUE
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| What is RADIATION PROTECTION |
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| What is SSD | DISTANCE FROM RADIATION SOURCE (X-RAY TUBE) TO PATIENT SKIN
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| WHAT IS RAD | UNIT MEASURING ABSORBED DOSE
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| What is NONSTOCHASTIC | Proportional in severity to the dose of radiation
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| Conventional unit of radiation exposure is called | ROENTGEN
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| Whole Body Dose | EQUIVALENT DOSE
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| What is a DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT DISEASE | CARCINOGENESIS
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| EXC WHAT DOES ALARA STAND FOR | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| WHAT DOES ALARA MEAN | Radiation exposure should be limited to the lowest possible levels
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| What is a GONAD SHIELD | A device to prevent unnecessary radiation to reprodcutive organs
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| WHAT DOES "REM" STAND FOR | ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN
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| WHAT IS USED TO MEASURE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE? | REM & SIEVERT
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| MILI = | 1/1000
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| mR = | MILLIROENTGEN
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| MRAD = | MILLIRAD
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| millirem = |
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| WHAT DOES ESE STAND FOR | ENTRANCE SKIN EXPOSURE
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| What is the jelly like material that contains MOSTLY WATER and the ORANGELLES, which are small structures that carry out cellular functions | CYTOPLASM
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| WHAT IS AT THE CENTER OF THE CYTOPLASM | NUCLEUS
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| WHAT DOES THE NUCLEUS CONTAIN | NUCLEOLI
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| The Nucleoli contains how many pairs of chromosomes | 23 pairs that are thread like spools of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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| WHEN X-RAYS INTERACT WITH ATOMS THEY MAKE UP | CELLS
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| When ionization occurs what does this mean? | Electrons are released from thier orbits
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| Even though ionization may occur in any part of the cell, interactions are classified as being either | a direct hit or an indirect hit
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| What does a direct hit refer to | when x-ray photons interact with DNA DIRECTLY - therby breaking the molecules
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| What does an INDIRECT HIT refer to | when x-ray photons interact with the water molecules thereby causing a chemical reaction that forms free radicals
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| When the free radicals interact with DNA or combine with other molecules what happens? | It produces a toxic substance that damages the DNA
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| The relative sensativity of cells to radiation depend on 4 characteristics. What are they? | AGE - DIFFERENTIATION - METABOLIC RATE - MITOTIC RATE
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| CELLS THAT ARE HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO RADIATION ARE? | Blood Cells - Skin & Mucous memebranes - Thyroid & Breast - Embyonic - Reproductive (OVA & SPER)
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| CELLS THAT ARE LESS SENSITIVE TO RADIATION ARE? | NERVE -MUSCLE - BONE
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| What are the 2 effects of radiation exposure on the body | NON-STOCHASTIC OR STOCHASTIC
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| WHAT IS NON-STOCHASTIC EFFECTS | - Occurs at HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ARE PREDICITABLE - SEVERITY IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE DOSE
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| WHAT IS STOCHASTIC EFFECTS | THOSE THAT OCCUR AT LOWER DOSES OF RADIATION - SUCH AS AMOUNTS RECIEVED FROM XRAY PROCEDURES- ARE RANDOM AND UNPREDICTIBLE - PROPORTIONAL TO DOSE BUT SEVERITY IS UNRELATED TO DOSE -
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| WHAT ARE SHORT TERM EFFECTS | OBSERVERED 3 MONTHS - ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RADIATION DOSES (>50Gy)-they are hematologic effects - gastrointestinal effects - & central nervous systems effects
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| WHAT ARE THE LONG TERM EFFECTS | Those NOT OBSERVED UNTIL SEVERAL YEARS AFTER EXPOSURE - EFFECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER DOSE OF RADIATION OVER TIME
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| What is SHORT TERM SOMATIC EFFECTS | USUALLY High Doses - Non-Stochastic -USUALLY SEVERE
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| SHORT TERM SOMATIC EFFECTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN | Persons undergoing radiation therapy,Victims of nuclear accidents, and thosed exposed to atomic weapons
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| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE EFFECTS | Ertherma (reddening of the skin), seizures followed by coma and death, raidation sickness are all examples of short term effects
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| IS A XRAY MACHINE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING ENOUGH RADIATION TO CAUSE SHORTERM SOMATIC EFFECTS | NO
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| What is LONG TERM SOMATIC EFFECTS | Occur with lower doses given over time - they are stochastic - usually less severe but can result in death
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| What are some of the effects? | Cataractogensis (clouding of the lens of the eye), Carinogenesis (malignant disease), Leukemia (cancer of the blood cells), and life span shortening.
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| Can excessive exposure to diagnostic x-rays over a period of time cause long tern somatic effects? | YES
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| The average american is exposed to how many mrem (milirems)of radiation per year. | 360 (3.6 mSv)
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| 82% of of this exposure is from naturally occurring sources such as , such as space, the earth and from radon gas | Milirem
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| Does exposure to diagnostic x-rays carry any risk? | yes some
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| What is the number one cause of unnecessary radiation exposure to patients? | REPEAT EXPOSURES
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| Limiting the radiation field size through __________ protects patients from unnecessary exposure. | COLLIMATION
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| Operators should use what size field that will cover the are of anatomy to be examined | the smallest radiation field
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| USING WHAT TECHNIQUES ALSO REDUCSES PATIENT XPOSURE | LOW mAs and HIGH kVp techniques
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| T/F - Gonad shield should be used on all adults with reproductive potential? | TRUE - THOSE UNDER THE AGE OF 55
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| T/F - Gonad shield should be used on all children since thier cells are more sensitive to radiation than adults | TRUE
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| THEREFORE WHAT AGE GROUP SHOULD GONAD SHIELDING BE USED ON | AGES 1 - 55 YEARS OF AGE
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| The federal goverment and state agencies recommend that gonadal shields consist of at lease ______ mm of lead equivalent to be effective | 0.5mm
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| There are 2 types of Gonadal shiels, what are they | SHADOW SHIELD AND THE CONTACT SHIELD
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| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF SHIELD USED | CONTACT SHIELD
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN PRINCIPAL MEASURES USED TO PROTECT AN XRAY MACHINE OPERATOR | TIME - DISTANCE - SHIELDING
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| WHAT IS A DOSIMETER | IT IS A DEVICE WORN BY RADIATION WORKERS THAT MEASURE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
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| WHAT WERE THE ORIGINAL DOSIMETERS | FILM BADGES
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| IN ORDER TO GET AN ACCURATE READING WHERE SHOULD THE DOSIMETER BE WORN? | COLLAR LEVEL ON THE FRONT OF THE BODY
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| IF WEARING A LEAD APRON WHERE SHOULD YOU WEAR THE DOSIMETER? | IT SHOULD BE WORN ON THE OUTSIDE
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| WHAT IS THE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSED - | The UPPER DE limit is 5 REM (.05 Sv) per year
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| The DE LIMIT applies to WHOME? | Workers over the age of 18 and women who are NOT pregnant
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| When does the greatest risk of fetal development | during the 1st trimester
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| WHAT IS THE DE (dosage equivalent) for a pregnant worker? | 0.5mm (.0005 Sv)each month
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| Pregnant women must wear how many dosimeters | 2
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| Where must pregnanat women wear both of the dosimeters | A RED ONE AT THE COLLAR ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE LEAD APRON AND A 2ND GREEN ONE UNERNEATH THE LEAD APRON
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