Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears
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| audiologist | Specializes in the measurement of hearing function and the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments.
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| opthalmologist | Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eye.
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| optometrist | Holds a Doctor of Optometry (OD) degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses or eyeglasses are needed.
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| otolaryngologist | Is a physician who specializes in the care of the ears, nose, and throat.
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| optic | Pertaining to the eye or sight.
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| ocular | Pertaining to the eye.
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| extraocular | Outside the eyeball.
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| intraocular | Within the eyeball.
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| auditory | Pertaining to the sense of hearing.
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| acoustic | Relating to sound or hearing.
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| adnexa | Also known as ANDEXA OCULI, include the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus.
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| orbit | Also known as the EYE SOCKET, is the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.
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| binocular | Refers to both eyes working together.
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| upper/lower eyelids | Protects the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and impact.
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| canthus | Is the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
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| inner canthus | Is where the eyelids meet nearest the nose.
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| epicanthus | Is a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose.
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| tarsus | Also known as TARSAL, is the platelike framework within the uper and lower eyelids that provides stiffness and shape.
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| eyebrows/eyelashes | Prevent foreign matter form reaching the eyes.
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| conjunctiva | Is the mucous membrane that lines and underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the eposed surface of the eyeball.
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| lacrimal apparatus | Also known as the TEAR APPARATUS, consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears.
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| lacrimal glands | Located above the outer corner of each eye.
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| lacrimal fluid | Also known as TEARS, maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball.
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| lacrimation | Is the normal continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands.
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| lacrimal canaliculi | Are the ducts at the inner corner of each eye. These ducts contains tears and drain them into the lacrimal sac.
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| lacrimal sac | Also known as the DACRYOCYST, is an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct.
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| lacrimal duct | Also known as the NASOLACRIMAL DUCT, is the passageway that drains lacrimal fluid into the nose.
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| eyeball | Also known as GLOBE, is a one-inch sphere with walls made up of three layers: the sclera, charoid, and retina.
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| sclera | Also known as the WHITE OF THE EYE, is the fibrous tissue outer layer of the eye.
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| cornea | Is the transparent anterior portion of the sclera.
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| uveal tract | Also known as UVEA, is the vascular layer of the eye.
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| charoid | Also known as CHAROID LAYER/CHAROID COAT, is the opaque middle layer of the eyeball.
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| opaque | Means that light cannot pass through this substance.
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| iris | Is the pigmented (colored) muscular layer tht surrounds the pupil.
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| pupil | Is the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye.
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| lens | Also known as CRYSTALLINE LENS, is the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina.
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| ciliary body | Which is located within the choroid, is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina.
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| retina | Is the sesitive inner nerve layer of the eye located between the posterior chamber and the choroid layer at the back of the eye.
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| macula lutea | Is a clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina.
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| fovea centralis | Is a pit in the middle of the macula lutea.
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| optic disk | Also known as the BLIND SPOT, is the region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve.
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| optic nerve | Also known as teh SECOND CRANIAL NERVE(CN II), transmits the nerve impulses from the retina to the brain.
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| anterior segment | The front one-third of the eyeball.
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| anterior chamber | Is located behind the inner surface of the cornea and in front of the iris.
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| posterior chamber | Is located between the back of the iris and the front of the lens.
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| humor | Is any clear body liquid or semifluid substance.
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| vitreous humor | Also known as VITREOUS GEL, is the soft, clear, jellylike mass aids the eye in maintaining its shape.
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| accommodation | Is the proess whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at variou distances.
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| convergence | Is the simultaneous inward movement of the two eyes (toward each other), usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer.
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| emmetropia(EM) | Is the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina.
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| refraction | Is the ability of the lens to bend the light rays to help them focus on the retina.
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| visual acuity | Is the ability to distinguish objects details and shape at a distance.
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| snellen chart | Is used to measure visual acuity.
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| blepharoptosis | Is the drooping of the upper eyelid.
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| ectropion | Is the eversion (turning outward) of the edge of the eyelid.
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| entropion | Is the inversion (turning inward) of the edge of the eyelid.
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| hordeolum | Also known as a STYE, is an infection of one or more glands at the border of the eyelid.
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| chalazion | Also known as an INTERNAL HORDEOLUM, is localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from obstruction of one of the sebaceous (oil-producing) glands of the eyelid.
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| dacryocystitis | Is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac and is associated with faulty tear drainage.
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| conjunctivitis | Also known as PINKEYE, is an inflammation of the conjucntiva.
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| xerophthalmia | Also known as DRY EYE, is drying of the eye surfaces characterized by the loss of luster of the conjunctiva and cornea.
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| scleritis | Is an inflammation of the sclera.
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| keratitis | Is an inflammation of the cornea.
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| corneal abrasion | Is an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea.
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| corneal abrasion | Is an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea.
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| corneal ulcer | Is a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.
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| corneal abrasion | Is an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea.
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| corneal ulcer | Is a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.
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| iritis | Is an inflammation of the iris.
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| synechia | Is an adhesion that binds the iris to any adjacent structure.
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| anisocoria | Is a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size.
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| cataract | Is the loss of transparency of the lens.
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| choke disk | Also known as PAPILLEDEMA, is swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance through the optic disk.
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| floaters | Also known as VITREOUS FLOATERS,are particles that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina.
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| nystagmus | Is an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball.
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| retinal detachment | Also known as DETACHED RETINA, the retina is pulled away from its normal position of being attached to the choroid in the back of the eye.
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| uveitis | Is an inflammation anywhere in the uveal tract.
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| glaucoma | Is a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular preassure(IOP), resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers.
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| open-angle glaucoma | Is the most common form of glaucoma, the trabecular meshwork becomes blocked.
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| closed-angle glaucoma | Is the opening between the cornea and iris narrow so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork.
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| macular degeneration-age related(AMD) | Is a gradually progressive condition that results in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness.
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| dry type macular degeneration | Which accounts for 90 percent of cases, is caused by the atrophy(deterioration) of the macula.
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| wet type macular degeneration | Is associated with the formation of new blood vessels that produce small hemorrhages.
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| diplopia | Also known as DOUBLE VISION, is the perception of two images of a single object.
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| hemianopia | Is blindness in one half of the vision field.
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| monochromatism | Also known as COLOR BLINDNESS, is the lack of the ability to distinguish colors.
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| nyctalopia | Also known as NIGHT BLINDNESS, is a condition in which the individual has difficulty seeing at night.
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| presbyopia | Describes the changes in the eyes that occur with aging.
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| stabismus | Also known as SQUINT, is a disorder in which the eyes cannot be directed in parallel manner toward the same object.
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| esotropia | Also known as CROSS EYES, is strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one eye in relation to the other.
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| extropia | Also known as WALLEYE, is strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other.
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| refractive disorder | is a condition in which the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina.
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| ametropia | is any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina.
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| astigmatism | is a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea.
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| hyperopia | Also known as FARSIGHTEDNESS, is a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina.
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| myopia | Also known as NEARSIGHTEDNESS, is a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina.
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| amblyopia | Is a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight without detectable disease of the eye.
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| blindness | Is the inability to see.
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| scotoma | Also known as a BLIND SPOT, is an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision.
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| visual acuity measurement | Is an evaluation of the eye's ability to distinguish object details and shape.
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| refraction | Is an examination procedure to determine an eye's refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed.
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| tonometry | Measures intraocular pressure.
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| mydriatic drops | Produces temporary paralysis, which forces the pupils to remain wide open even in the presence of bright light.
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| dilation | Is the artificial enlargement of an opening.
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| flurescein staining | Is used to visualize a corneal abrasion(injury).
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| intravenous fluorescein angiography(IVFA) | A dye is injected into a vein in the arm, and pictures are taken as the dye passes throught the blood vessels in the retina.
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| visual field test | Is used to determine losses in peripheral vision.
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| orbitotomy | Is a surgical incision into the orbit for biopsy, abscess drainage, or the removal of a tumor mass or foreign object.
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| tarsectomy | Is the surgical removal of a segment of the tarsal plate of the upper or lower eyelid.
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| tarsorrhaphy | Is the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids.
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| conjunctivoplasty | Is the surgical repair of the conjunctiva.
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| corneal transplant | Also known as KERATOPLASTY, scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor.
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| iridectomy | Is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris tissue.
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| radial keratotomy | Is used to correct myopia.
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| lensectomy | Is the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataractclouded lens.
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| extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE) | Is the removal of a cloudy lens that leaves the posterior lens capsule intact.
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| intracapsular cataract extraction(ICCE) | Is the removal of a cloudy lens including the surrounding capsule.
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| phacemulsification | Is the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and break up a cataract making it easier to remove.
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| intraocular lens(IOL) | Is a plastic lens that is surgically implanted to replace the natural lens.
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| aphakia | Is the absence of the lens of an eye after cataract extraction.
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| pseudophakia | Is an eye in which the natural lens is replaced with an IOL.
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| pinna | Also known as the AURICLE, is the external portion of the ear.
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| external auditory canal | Transmits sound waves from the pinna to the middle ear.
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| cerumen | Also known as EARWAX, is secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal.
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| tympanic membrane | Also known as the EARDRUM, is located between the outer and middle ear.
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| mastoid cells | Hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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| auditory ossicles | Are three small bones found in the middle ear.
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| malleus | HAMMER
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| incus | ANVIL
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| stapes | STIRRUP
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| eustachian tubes | Also known as AUDITORY TUBES, are narrow tubes, which lead from the middle ear to the nasppharynx, equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside atomsphere.
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| inner ear | Also known as the LABYRINTH, contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance.
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| oval window | Located under the base of the stapes, is the membrane that separates the middle eare from the inner ear.
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| cochlea | Is the spiral passage that leads from the oval window.
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| cochlear duct | Located within the cochlea, is filled with fluid that vibrates when the sound waves strike it.
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| organ of Corti | Also located within the cochlea, is the receptor site that receives these vibrations and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers.
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| semicircular canals | Also located within the inner ear, contain endolymph(a liquid) and sensitive hairlike cells.
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| equilibrium | Is the state of balance.
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| acousitc nerve | Transmit information to the brain, and the brain sends messages to muscles in all parts of the body to ensure that equilibruim is maintained.
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| air conduction | Sound waves enter the ear though the pinna, travel down the auditory canal, and strike the tympanic membrane between the outer and middle ear.
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| bone conduction | As the eardrum vibrates, it moves the auditory ossicles, and these conduct sound waves throught the middle ear.
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| sensorineural conduction | Sound vibrations reach the inner ear via the oval window. The stuctures of the inner ear receive the sound waves and relay them to the brain.
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| inpacted cerumen | Is an accumulation of cerumen that forms a solid mass adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal.
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| impacted | Means lodged or wedged firmly in place.
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| otalgia | Also known as an EARACHE, is pain in the ear.
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| otitis | Inflammation of the ear.
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| otitis externa | Is inflammation of the outer ear.
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| otomycosis | Also known as SWIMMERS EAR, is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal.
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| otopyorrhea | Is the flow of pus from the ear.
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| otorrhagia | Is bleeding from the ear.
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| eustachitis | Is an inflammation of the eustachian tube.
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| mastoiditis | Is an inflammation of any part of the mastoid process.
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| myringitis | Is an inflammation of the tympanic membrane.
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| otosclerosis | Is ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss.
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| patulous eustachian tube | Is distention of the eustachian tube.
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| patulous | Means extended, spread wide open.
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| ankylosis | Means fused together.
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| acute otitis media(AOM) | Is an inflammation of the middle ear usually associated with an upper respiratory infection that is most commonly seen in young children.
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| serous otitis media(SOM) | Also known as OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION, is a fluid buildup in the middle ear that may follow acute otitis media or be caused by an obstruction of the eustachian tube.
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| effusion | Is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity.
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| purulent otitis media | Is a buildup of pus within the middle ear.
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| labyrinthitis | Is an inflammtion of the labyrinth that may result in vertigo and deafness.
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| vertigo | Is a symptom of several conditions, is described as a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance.
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| meniere's syndrome | Is a chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by three main symptoms: attacks of vertigo, a fluctuation hearing loss(one ear), and tinnitus.
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| tinnitus | Is a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in the ears.
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| deafness | Is the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear.
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| conductive hearing loss | Is one in which the outer or middle ear does not conduct sound vibrations to the inner ear normally.
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| noise-induced hearing loss | Is the result of the loss of sensitive hairlike cells of the inner ear.
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| sensorineural hearing loss | Also known as NERVE DEAFNESS, Is a symptom of problems affecting the inner ear.
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| presbycusis | Is a progressive hearing loss occuring in old age.
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| audiometry | Is the use of an audiometer to measure hearing.
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| audiometer | Is an electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a known frequency and intensity.
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| speech audiometry | Measures the threshold of speech reception(hearing speech sounds) and speech discrimination(understanding speech sounds).
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| evoked potential audiometer | Is an instrument that detects response to sound stimuli by changes in the electroencephalogram(record of brain wave activity).
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| tympanometry | Is the indirect measurement of acoustical energy absorbed or reflected by the middle ear.
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| monaural | Testing involves one ear.
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| binaural | Testing involves both ears.
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| otoplasty | Is the surgical repair of the pinna of the ear.
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| mastoidectomy | Is the surgical removal of mastoid cell.
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| myringectomy | Also known as a TYMPANECTOMY, is the surgical removal of all or part of the tympanic membrane.
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| myringotomy | Is the surgical incision of the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes.
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| tympanocentesis | Also known as PEDIATRIC EAR TUBES, are tiny ventilationg tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after ear infections.
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| tympanoplasty | Is the surgical correction of a damaged middle ear.
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| stapedectomy | Is the surgical removal of the stapes.
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| fenestration | Is a surgical procedure in which a new opening is made in the labyrinth of the inner ear to restore hearing.
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| labyrinthectomy | Is the surgical removal of the labyrinth.
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| labyrinthotomy | Is a surgical incision into the labyrinth.
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