from brickk
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| modernism | sprung from postwar disillusionment among young artists, writers, and intellectuals, as new technologies, new modes of transportation and communication, and new scientific discoveries combined to rupture perceptions of reality, challenge old modes of thou
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| Sacco and Vanzetti | The most celebrated criminal case of the postwar period involving two Italian-born anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were arrested for a robbery and murder and later executed; a belief persists in some quarters that they were sentenced
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| The Passing of the Great Race | 1916 book by Madison Grant that argued that the great race of the Nordics of northern Europe was threatened by the Slavic and Latin people of eastern and southern Europe, outlining a pseudo scientific racism that bolstered postwar nativist sentiments and
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| Immigration Act of 1921 | Act that restricted new arrivals each year to 3 percent of the foreign-born of any nationality as shown in the 1910 census.
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| Immigration Act of 1924 | Quota law that reduced the number of immigrants to 2 percent of the foreign-born of any nationality based on the 1890 census, which included fewer of the "new" immigrants; this law set a permanent limitation, which became effective in 1929, of slightly ov
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| cause celebre | Popular cause among the public, as for example in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, which inspired public demonstrations around the world on behalf of the two men.
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| Ku Klux Klan | Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revive
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| fundamentalism | Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.
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| William Jennings Bryan | Former secretary of state who became a fundamentalist leader whose following, prestige, and eloquence made the movement a popular crusade; in 1921 Bryan sparked a drive for laws to prohibit the teaching of evolution in the public schools, and in 1925 he s
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| The Fundamentals | Book published by conservative leaders that lent its name to the anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible.
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| John T. Scopes | High school teacher who was prosecuted in 1925 for violating a Tennessee law outlawing the teaching of evolution in public schools and colleges; he was ultimately convicted but his $100 fine was overturned by the state supreme court on a legal technicalit
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| Clarence Darrow | Renowned Chicago trial lawyer and confessed agnostic who was the defense attorney in the Scopes "monkey" trial of 1925; he ultimately lost but the ruling was merely a gesture and was overturned by the Tennessee Supreme Court on a technicality.
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| prohibition | Period between the Eighteenth Amendment of 1919, the prohibition amendment that made the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal, and the Twenty-first Amendment of 1933, which repealed the prohibition.
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| Anti-Saloon League | Leading temperance organization that by the 1910s had become one of the most effective pressure groups in American history, mobilizing Protestant churches behind its single-minded battle to elect "dry" candidates; at its "Jubilee Convention" in 1913, the
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| Eighteenth Amendment | Prohibition amendment of 1919 that made illegal the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages.
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| Volstead Act | Enforced the prohibition amendment, beginning January 1920.
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| speakeasy | Place where illegal alcoholic beverages were sold during the Prohibition Era.
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| Wickersham Report | 1931 Report issued by a commission under former attorney-general George W. Wickersham that provided evidence that enforcement of Prohibition had broken down.
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| Main Street | 1920 novel by Sinclair Lewis that typifies the active disdain among leading young urban intellectuals for the old-fashioned rural/small-town values of the hinterlands.
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| H. L. Mencken | Baltimore journalist who wrote for the Smart Set and American Mercury and was merciless in his attacks on small-town life and the hinterlands.
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| "Jazz Age" | Term coined by writer F. Scott Fitzgerald for the postwar era because the young people were willing to experiment with new forms of recreation and sexuality.
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| This Side of Paradise | 1920 novel of student life at Princeton by F. Scott Fitzgerald that depicted the revolution in manners and morals during the Jazz Age, evidenced first among young people and especially on the college campuses.
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| Margaret Sanger | New York nurse and activist who began distributing birth-control information to working-class women in 1912; through her steadfast efforts, women for the first time began to gain easy access to contraception.
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| American Birth Control League | Organization founded by Margaret Sanger 1921, which in 1942 changed its name to Planned Parenthood, that distributed birth-control information to doctors, social workers, women's clubs, and the scientific community, as well as to thousands of individual w
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| Alice Paul | Quaker social worker who used militant tactics, such as hunger strikes, picket lines, and provoking arrest, on behalf of women's suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment, which her Woman's Party first introduced to Congress in 1923.
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| Comstock Law | Law named after Anthony Comstock, a self-appointed anti-vice crusader, who in 1873 convinced Congress that contraceptive information was as "obscene" as pornography and should be banned from the postal system; in 1914 Margaret Sanger was arrested for viol
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| Carrie Chapman Catt | Feminist who was head of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) during the debate over and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
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| Nineteenth Amendment 1920 Amendment that granted women the right to vote. Equal Rights Amendment | Amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; it failed to be ratified by the states.
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| Harlem Renaissance | African-American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s centered in New York City's Harlem district; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement.
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| Claude McKay | Jamaican immigrant who was the first significant writer of the Harlem Renaissance movement, which featured a rediscovery of black folk culture and an emancipation from the genteel tradition; poems collected in McKay's Harlem Shadows (1922) expressed defia
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| Jean Toomer | Author whose novel Cane, which pictured the lives of simple folk in Georgia's black belt and the sophisticated African-American middle class in Washington, D.C., was perhaps the greatest single creation of the Harlem Renaissance.
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| Marcus Garvey | Leading spokesman for "Negro nationalism" in the 1920s, which exalted blackness, black cultural expression, and black exclusiveness, and founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), who was convicted of mail fraud in 1923.
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| Universal Negro Improvement Association | Black nationalist movement active in the United States from 1916 to 1923, when its leader Marcus Garvey went to prison for mail fraud.
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | Civil rights organization founded in 1910 that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African-American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.
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| theory of relativity | Theory elaborated by Albert Einstein, a German physicist, which maintained that space, time, and mass were not absolutes but relative to the location and motion of the observer.
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| uncertainty principle | Principle, developed by German physicist Werner Heisenberg in 1927, which stated that atoms were ultimately indescribable; one could never know both the position and the velocity of an electron because the very process of observation would inevitably affe
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| T. S. Eliot | Poet and critic who, with poems such as "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," (1915) and The Waste Land (1922) and the journal Criterion which he founded in 1922, became the arbiter of modernist taste in Anglo-American literature.
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| Gertrude Stein | Experimentalist poet and expatriate who was an early champion of modern art and one of the chief promoters of modernist prose style.
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| F. Scott Fitzgerald | The earliest chronicler of the Jazz Age generation, who became successful and famous at an early age with novels such as This Side of Paradise (1920) and The Great Gatsby.
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| Ernest Hemingway | Writer who cultivated a public image caught up in the frenetic, hard-drinking lifestyle and the cult of athletic masculinity that are hallmarks of his novels such as Death in the Afternoon (1932), To Have and Have Not (1937), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940
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| southern renaissance | Literary movement of the 1920s and 1930s that included such writers as William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, and Robert Penn Warren.
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| The Fugitive | Nashville poetry journal published from 1922-1925 by a group of southern writer, among them John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, Allen Tate, and Robert Penn Warren, who were committed to the new doctrines of modernism in literature.
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| Thomas Wolfe | Southern Renaissance writer from Asheville, North Carolina, who became famous with the publication of his novel Look Homeward, Angel.
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| William Faulkner | Southern Renaissance writer who wrote about the fictional town of Jefferson, Yoknapatawpha County, in novels such as Sartoris (1929) and The Sound and the Fury (1929).
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