Anatomy
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| show | Defects of eyes, ears,mandible and palate; Malar hypoplasia (underdeveloped zygoma orbit & lower jaw), Downslanting palpebral fissures, Notched lower eye lids, Deformed external ears, Occasional middle and internal ear defects
Incomplete octocephaly
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| show | Mandibular hypoplasia, Cleft palate, Macrostomia, Glossoptosis; With micrognathia, or retrognathia, the chin is posteriorly displaced causing the tongue to fall backward toward the posterior pharyngeal wall; obstruction of the airway on inspiration
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| show | Parathyroids may be near or within the thyroid or thymus or near bifurcation of Common carotid artery.
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| 5th pharyngeal pouch | show 🗑
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| Di George syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | Susceptible to infections; Fish mouth deformity- shortened philtrum; Low set notched ears; Nasal clefts; Thyroid hypoplasia
Defects of arch of aorta and heart
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| Mesoderm Cells Differentiate into: | show 🗑
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| Neural Crest Cells: | show 🗑
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| Pharyngeal Arches (1,2,3,4) | show 🗑
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| Pharyngeal Pouches (1,2,3,4) | show 🗑
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| show | are invaginations of ectoderm located between each pharyngeal arch
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| Pharyngeal membranes (1,2,3,4) | show 🗑
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| Arch 1 (Maxillary and Mandibular prominences) | show 🗑
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| show | CN: VII; Mesoderm-M.of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric; stylohyoid, stapedius; Neural Crest-Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid bone and Reichert's cartilage
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| show | CN: IX, Mesoderm-Stylopharyngeus, commmon carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries; Neural Crest - Greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone.
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| Arch 4 - 6 | show 🗑
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| show | Epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear cavity, and mastoid air cell; Epithelial lining of palantine tonsil cyrpts.
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| Pouch 2 and 3 | show 🗑
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| show | Epithelial lining of the external auditory meatus; Tympanic membrane.
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| Intermaxillary Segment and primary palate forms: | show 🗑
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| show | from the outgrowths of the maxillary prominences called palantine shelves, which fuse in the midline, posterior to the incisive foramen.
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| The FACE forms: | show 🗑
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| First arch syndrome results from: | show 🗑
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| show | When pouch 2 and groove 2 persist, thereby forming a fistula generally found along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; The fistula is open; Whereas a cyst is closed
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| show | Beginning of third week; thickened linear band of epiblast on dorsal caudal aspect of embryonic disk; raised layer on the surface of the epiblast proliferates and migrates cranio-caudally.
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| Notochord | show 🗑
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| (Intraembryonic) Mesenchyme cells migrate from Primitive Node and Streak to Form: | show 🗑
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| show | is a localized intervertebral disk, capable of causing nerve damage; often develop in base of skull/nasopharyngeal region
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| show | Can result from remnants of primitive streak that fail to differentiate; Can also be result of primordial Germ cells that fail to migrate from yolk sac back to the future gonad region.
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| show | Grape like villi; HCG levels are markedly elevated; Patients with a hydatidiform mole are often large for dates and have hyperemesis gravidarum more frequently; Patients may present with bleeding, and may pass some of the grape-like villi.
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| show | Completed hyatidiform mole (No gestational sac-usaully); Triploidy - Partial hyadtiform mole with pregnancy
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| Intermediate Mesoderm | show 🗑
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| Paraxial Mesoderm | show 🗑
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| show | Connective tissue of viscera and limbs serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and pericardium and peritoneum blood and lymph cells cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
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| Neurulation | show 🗑
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| Abnormal Neurulation | show 🗑
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| show | The arachnoid protrudes through defect of vertebral arches but is covered by skin; sac like cyst is enlarged subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells | show 🗑
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| Primitive Streak consists of: | show 🗑
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| Embryonic Period | show 🗑
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| show | Controlls basic segmentation of human embryo in the cranio-caudal direction
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| Gastrulation is the process that establishes: | show 🗑
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| Cloacal Membrane | show 🗑
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| Paraxial Mesoderm | show 🗑
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| Somites differentiate into following components: | show 🗑
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| Intermediate Mesoderm | show 🗑
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| show | Genetic Abnormalities and toxic insults result in incomplete gastrulation in the caudal end of the embryo; can also be result of decrease vascular flow to lower extremities.
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| Mesenchyme | show 🗑
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| show | future mouth and anus
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| Day 16 | show 🗑
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| Fourth Branchial Arch, Cleft and Pouch Derivatives | show 🗑
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| show | Arch(mesoderm) - Common carotid artery part of ICA, CN IX, Hyoid (greater horn and part of body), part of epiglottis; Cleft (ectoderm)-None; Pouch (endoderm)-Inferior parathyroid, Piriform fossa, Thymus.
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| show | Arch-Stapes, stapedial artery, CN VII/VIII, Styloid process, Hyoid bone (lesser horn/part of body), Root of tongue, Foramen Cecum, External ear, Part of Stapedius A; Cleft - none; Pouch-Palantine tonsil, Supratonsillar fossa, Thyroid gland's median anlage
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| show | Arch-Incus body, Malleus head and body, Pinna, Meckel's cartilage, External maxillery artery, CN V (V2/V3) maxillary/mandibular, Body of tongue, External ear; Cleft-External auditory canal; Pouch- Eustachian tube; Middle ear cavity; Mastoid air cells
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| show | Develop from 3rd Pharyngeal Pouch; Descend during week 4 into superior mediastinum meeting its fellow of opposite side to form bilobed Thymus; Lymphocytes of thymus-from mesenchyme and the thymocytes are derived from endoderm.
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| Superior Parathyroids (IV) | show 🗑
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| show | Develops from pouch as proliferation of endoderm into mesoderm; Pouch endoderm -tonsillar crypts; About 20 weeks mesenchyme around crypts differentiate into lymphoid tissue.
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| show | Expands in tubotympanic recess; Distal part of this recess meets 1st pharyngeal groove; Cavity of TT recess forms middle ear cavity and mastoid antrum; Connection b/w TT recess and pharynx elongates to form Eustacian tube
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| Octocephaly or Franceschetti's syndrome | show 🗑
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| Cranial Nerves 4 & 6th arches | show 🗑
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| Ectopic thyroid | show 🗑
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| Accessory thyroid | show 🗑
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| show | Thyroid Moves up with protrusion of tongue; Develops from remnants of thyroglossal duct which may persist as a cyst in tongue or in midline of neck below hyoid. Cysts are closed; Sinuses are open; Asymptomatic unless infected.
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| show | Moves up with swallowing (Should be differentiated form thyroglossal cyst to prevent inadvertent removal of the only thryroid tissue; Superior more constant
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| Thyroid | show 🗑
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| show | Dorsal end becomes the malleus and incus
– Intermediate portion regresses, but the perichondrium forms:
Anterior ligament of the malleus
Sphenomandibular ligament
–– Ventral portion forms the mandible
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| show | Thickening of ectoderm; called otic placode; invaginates into underlying mesenchyme; detachaches from ectoderm and divides into 2 - urticular (urticle, semicircular canals and emdolymphatic duct) and saccular - saccule and cochlear duct
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| External Ear | show 🗑
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| show | Nerves that supply skin and muscle of external ear is by auriculotemporal nerve(sensory-1st arch) and facial nerve(motor-2nd arch; sensory)
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| Developing Ear | show 🗑
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| show | Endodermal swellings on Arches 1-4 contribute to the tongue
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| Clefts | show 🗑
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| Pouches | show 🗑
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| show | Only membrane in the body to have all 3 layers
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| show | Anterior - when palatine shelves fail to fuse with primary plate; Posterior - occurs when palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other and nasal septum; Anteroposterior occurs when there is a combination of both defects.
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| show | Unilateral or bilateral; Unilateral most common and arises when maxillary prominence fails to fuse with medial nasal prominence; And when underlying somitomeric mesoderm and neural crest fail to expand resulting in persistent labial groove
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| Intermaxillary segment gives rise to | show 🗑
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| show | fusion of the 2 medial nasal prominences
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| The 2 mandibular prominences fuse to: | show 🗑
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| show | The 2 lateral nasal prominences fusing with the 2 maxillary prominences (but not with each other).
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| show | Pharyngeal arches (4wks), External face (6wks), Primary palate (6wks), Secondary palate (8wks), Completion of soft palate (12wks); Decrease with severity of potential congenital malformations over time.
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| 1st to form | show 🗑
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| Anterior choanae | show 🗑
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| vomeronasal organ of Jacobson | show 🗑
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| show | Nasolacrimal groove separates the maxillary process from the lateral nasal prominence (Ectodermal derivative)
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| show | often bilateral extend from the upper lip to the medial margins of the orbit. When this occurs the nasolacrimal ducts are open grooves
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| Lateral or transverse facial clefts | show 🗑
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| Development of Palate | show 🗑
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| Primary Palate | show 🗑
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| Development of Tongue | show 🗑
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| show | Tongue muscles originate from the occipital somites which bring with them innervation (CN XII), Innervation Ant 2/3 CN V; POST 1/3: CN IX;
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