Muscles
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| When describing muscle, what does "striated" mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth Muscle
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| show | Epimysium translates to the outside of the muscle, and the connective tissue sheath is te outermost muscle sheath which encloses the entire muscle
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| Which myofilaments have binding sites for calcium? What specific molecule binds calcium? | show 🗑
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| show | In resting muscle fiber the SR would have the highest concentration of calcium ions. The mitochondrion provides the ATP needed for muscle activity.
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| show | axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and junctional folds of the sarcolemma
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| show | A certain concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol is the final trigger. The initial trigger is depolarization of the sarcolemma.
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| What prevents filaments from sliding back to their original position each time a myosin cross bridge attaches from actin? | show 🗑
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| show | Without ATP, rigor would occur because the myosin heads could not detach.
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| show | A motor unit is an axon of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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| show | During the latent period, events of excitation-contraction coupling are occuring
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| Jay is competing in a chin up competition. What type of muscle contractions are occuring in his bicesps muscles imediately after he grabs the bar? As his body beings to move upward toward the bar? When his body begins to approach the mat? | show 🗑
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| show | He is breathing heavy because it takes some time for his heart rate and overall metabolism to return to the resting stacge after exercise.
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| List two factors that influence contractile force and two that influence velocity of contraction | show 🗑
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| Jim called several friends to help him move. Would he prefer to have those with more slow oxidative muscle firbers or those with more fast glycolytic fibers as his helpers? Why? | show 🗑
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| Relative to their effect on muscle size and function, how do aerobic and anaerobic exercise differ? | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal and smooth muscle fibers are elongated cells, but unlike smooth muscle cells, which are spindle shaped, uninucleate, and nonstriated skeletal muscle cells are very large cigar shaped, multinucleate striated cells
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| show | Calcium binds to troponin on the actin filaments in skeletal muscle cells. In smooth muscle cells, it bind to a cytoplasmic protein called calmodulin.
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| How does the stress-relaxation response suit the role of smooth muscle in hollow organs | show 🗑
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| How is the multinucleate condition achieved during development of skeltal muscle fibers | show 🗑
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| show | the connective tissue in muscle increases with age, causing muscles to get stringier
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| show | Regular exercise and strenth training help to defer the loss in strength and muscle wasting that tends to occur with age, and improve meuromuscular function.
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| The connective tissue covering that encloses the sarcolemma of an individual muscle fiber is called | show 🗑
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| a fascalise is | show 🗑
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| show | transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells
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| show | neuromuscular junctions
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| Contraction eliceited by a single brief stimulus is called | show 🗑
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| a smooth sustained contraction resulting from very rapid stimulation of muscle in which no evidence of relaxation is seen is called | show 🗑
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| show | acetylcholine
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| show | sodium ions
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| show | holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle
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| show | single unit
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| show | axon terminal
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| What type of ion channel opens in response to an action potential arriving at the axon terminal? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholenesterase
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| show | SR
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| show | calcium
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| show | opens a calcium channel
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| show | sarcomere
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| Interactions betwen think and thin myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal
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| Which muscle are striated? | show 🗑
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| show | voluntarily
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| show | cardiac
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| Smooth muscle, located chiefly in the walls of _____________, is controlled involuntarily its fibers are not strialted | show 🗑
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| show | Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity
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| show | move internal and external body parts, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat, protect visceral organs
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| _____________ muscle fibers are long, striatedm, and multinucleate | show 🗑
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| Acetylcholine(ACh) | show 🗑
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| show | Enzyme present at the neuromuscular junction and synapses that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action.
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| show | Skeletal muscle
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| show | False
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| What is a special adaptation present in muscle cells, but absent in most other cells | show 🗑
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| show | an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels.
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| show | T-tubules
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| show | actin.
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| What does acetylcholinesterase do? | show 🗑
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| show | sarcomeres
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| True or False During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments so that actin and myosin filaments do not overlap. | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is: | show 🗑
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| If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension: | show 🗑
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| The variation of stimulation needed in skeletal muscle contraction in order to have controlled movement is called a: | show 🗑
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| show | aerobic respiration.
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| What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP? | show 🗑
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| show | Fatigue resistant
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| show | Moderately fatigue resistant
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| How does a Fast glycolytic muscle fiber fatigue | show 🗑
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| show | false
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| True or False Duchenne muscular dystrophy is more common in females than in males. | show 🗑
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| show | A contractile protein of muscle
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| show | A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber
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| show | Oxygen-requiring
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| show | The length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways
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| Aerobic Respiration | show 🗑
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| Anerobic | show 🗑
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| show | Energy-yielding conversion of glucose to lactic acid in various tissues, notably muscle, when sufficient oxygen is not avaliable
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| show | The point at which muscle metabolism cnoverts to anaerobic glycolysis
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| Aponeurosis | show 🗑
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| Atrophy | show 🗑
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| Cardiac Muscle | show 🗑
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| Contractility | show 🗑
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| show | To shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells
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| Creatin Kinase | show 🗑
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| Creatin Phosphate (CP) | show 🗑
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| Depolarization | show 🗑
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| Endomysium | show 🗑
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| Epimysium | show 🗑
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| Excitability (Irritability) | show 🗑
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| Excitation-Contraction (E-C)Coupling | show 🗑
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| show | Layers of fibrous tissue covering and seperating muscle
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| show | Bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue
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| Glycolysis | show 🗑
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| Graded Muscle Responses | show 🗑
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| Insertion | show 🗑
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| Isometric Contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given joint angle and load, and the muscle shortens
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| Lactic Acid | show 🗑
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| show | Period of time between stimulation and the onset of muscle contraction
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| show | A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
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| show | The force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object
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| Muscle Tone | show 🗑
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| show | The response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus
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| show | Embryonic mesoderm cells from which all mucle fibers develop
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| Myofibril | show 🗑
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| show | Filament that constitutes myofibrils. One of two types; actin and myosin
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| show | Oxygen binding pigment in muscle
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| show | A graphic recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus that measures muscle contraction
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| Myosin | show 🗑
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| show | Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell
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| Origin | show 🗑
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| Oxygen Deficit | show 🗑
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| show | Connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers
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| Peristalsis | show 🗑
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| Repolarization | show 🗑
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| show | High intensity exercise in which the muscles are pitted against high resistance or immovable forces and, as a result, muscle cells increase in size
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| show | The plasma membrane surface of a muscle fiber
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| show | The smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
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| show | The nonfiber cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
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| show | Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
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| Skeletal Muscle | show 🗑
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| Smooth Muscle | show 🗑
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| show | Accumulation of effects, espically those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli
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| T Tubule (Transverse Tubule) | show 🗑
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| show | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone
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| Tetanus | show 🗑
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| Threshold Stimulus | show 🗑
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| An entire skeletal muscle is surrounded by: | show 🗑
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| As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axonal terminals, each of which forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a: | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| show | yes
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| What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges? | show 🗑
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| show | neuromuscular junction.
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| How can you best describes the composition of the structure known as a triad in a skeletal muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| show | myosin
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| show | epimysium.
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| The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the: | show 🗑
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| The space between the neuron and the muscle is the: | show 🗑
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| The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of an entire muscle is muscle: | show 🗑
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| show | isometric.
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| In smooth muscle tissues are Fibers small and spindle shaped. | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| Are Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart. | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| Does Lactic Acid increase in quantity during repetitive muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| What do ATP, CP, glucose, and oxygen all do during muscle contraction. | show 🗑
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| show | action potential
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| show | sarcolemma
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| ________________ maintain the organization of the A band and provide for elastic recoil when muscle contraction ends | show 🗑
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| What binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Calmodulin
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| _________ is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus | show 🗑
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| Elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle fiber to: | show 🗑
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| ______________ is the ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated. | show 🗑
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| show | smooth
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| show | rapidly
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| show | myofibril
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| show | myofilaments
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| "Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | cross bridges
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| show | repolarization
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| show | no
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| show | Calcium influx into the cell after death
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| Calcium influx into the cell after death promotes the formation of _______ and stiffening of muscles after death, which is known as rigor mortis. | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| show | peristalsis
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| show | skeletal
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| Only ________ muscle is non-striated | show 🗑
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| show | Myosin
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| The head of the myosin molecule binds to what molecule to form the cross bridge? | show 🗑
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| What regulatory molecule on the thin filament covers the myosin head binding site on actin? | show 🗑
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| show | Troponin
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| The binding of what to the myosin head puts the cross bridge in its high-energy conformation? | show 🗑
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| What must bind to the cross bridge for it to disconnect from the actin molecule? | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| show | Flexing of the cross bridge (power stroke)
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| show | Depletion of ATP
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| Which type of muscle cell has visible striations and many nuclei and is under voluntary control? | show 🗑
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| show | Tendons
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| show | fascicles.
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| show | epimysium.
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| The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called the: | show 🗑
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| show | terminal cisternae.
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| show | myofibril.
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| The arrangement of the thick and thin myofilaments forms light and dark bands along the myofibril. The length of the thick filament corresponds with which band? | show 🗑
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| The length of which band decreases as the muscle contracts? | show 🗑
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| The functional unit of muscle contraction is called the | show 🗑
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| Skeletal muscle cells are electrically insulated from each other by: | show 🗑
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| What neurotransmitter is located in the synaptic vesicles of the motor neuron? | show 🗑
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| When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, what type of ion channel is opened? | show 🗑
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| show | Exocytosis
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| show | Sodium ions
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| show | Acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme, digests the acetylcholine.
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| show | T tubule
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| The action potential causes the release of calcium ions from what structure in the muscle cell? | show 🗑
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| show | motor neuron.
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| The potential energy stored in ATP is found in the: | show 🗑
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| show | hydrolysis.
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| What molecule must be removed in order to rebuild ADP into ATP? | show 🗑
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| What is the end product in the anaerobic pathway? | show 🗑
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| Oxygen is available for aerobic respiration directly from the blood and from stores in: | show 🗑
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| show | Red slow-twitch fibers
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| A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates is called a: | show 🗑
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| show | recruitment.
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| Where is the interneuron located? | show 🗑
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| The muscles of the eye need to make precise small motor movements. What size are the motor units in the eye? | show 🗑
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| The muscles of the thigh exhibit gross movements for walking. What size are the motor units in the thigh? | show 🗑
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| Random, asynchronous motor unit contractions provide a low-level tension and resistance to stretch called muscle __________. | show 🗑
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| What will happen to a muscle if the motor neuron is cut? | show 🗑
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| Where is the motor neuron located? | show 🗑
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| The synapse between a motor neuron and the muscle it innervates is called a: | show 🗑
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| An increase in the strength of the stimulus will cause an increase in tension development caused by: | show 🗑
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| The development of tension in a muscle, in response to a single stimulus above threshold, is called a muscle ___________. | show 🗑
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| The shortest phase of a muscle twitch, usually lasting less than 5 milliseconds, is called the: | show 🗑
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| Sarcomeres lengthen during which phase/period of muscle twitch? | show 🗑
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| When a second stimulus is applied before complete relaxation, there is a greater development of tension. What is this called? | show 🗑
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| show | The height of the curve will be equal to that of the first curve.
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| show | treppe.
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| show | Incomplete tetanus
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| show | complete tetanus.
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