Muscles
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| show | Striated means "with stripes"
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| Harry was pondering an exam question that said, "What muscle type has elongated cells and is found in the walls of the urinary bladder?" What should he have responded | show 🗑
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| show | Epimysium translates to the outside of the muscle, and the connective tissue sheath is te outermost muscle sheath which encloses the entire muscle
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| show | The thin myofilaments have binding sites for calcium on the troponin molecules forming part of those filaments
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| show | In resting muscle fiber the SR would have the highest concentration of calcium ions. The mitochondrion provides the ATP needed for muscle activity.
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| show | axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and junctional folds of the sarcolemma
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| What is the final trigger for contraction? What is the initial trigger? | show 🗑
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| What prevents filaments from sliding back to their original position each time a myosin cross bridge attaches from actin? | show 🗑
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| show | Without ATP, rigor would occur because the myosin heads could not detach.
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| show | A motor unit is an axon of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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| What is happening in the muscle during the latent period of a twitch contraction | show 🗑
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| show | After grabbing the bar his bicep muscles are contracting isometrically. As he moves up toward the bar they contract isotonically and concentrically. As he lowers the biceps are contracting isotonically and eccentrically
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| When Eric returned from joggind he was breathing heavily, sweating profusely, and complained that his legs ached and felt weak. On the basis of what you learned about muscle energy metabolism answer the following Why is Eric breathing heavily? | show 🗑
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| show | Foce is influenced by muscle fiber size, number of muscle fibers stimulated, frequency of stimulation, degree of muscle stretch. Velocity is influnced by muscle fiber type, load, and the number of motor units contacting.
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| Jim called several friends to help him move. Would he prefer to have those with more slow oxidative muscle firbers or those with more fast glycolytic fibers as his helpers? Why? | show 🗑
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| Relative to their effect on muscle size and function, how do aerobic and anaerobic exercise differ? | show 🗑
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| Compare the structure of skeletal muscle fibers to that of smooth muscle fibers | show 🗑
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| show | Calcium binds to troponin on the actin filaments in skeletal muscle cells. In smooth muscle cells, it bind to a cytoplasmic protein called calmodulin.
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| show | Hollow orangs that have smooth muscle cells helping to form their walls often must temporarily store the organs contents, an ability ensured by the stress-relaxation response
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| How is the multinucleate condition achieved during development of skeltal muscle fibers | show 🗑
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| What does it mean when we say "muscles get stringier with age?" | show 🗑
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| How can we defer(or reverse) some of the effects of age on skeletal muscles? | show 🗑
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| The connective tissue covering that encloses the sarcolemma of an individual muscle fiber is called | show 🗑
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| a fascalise is | show 🗑
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| The function of the T tubules in muscle contraction is to | show 🗑
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| The sites where motor nerve impluse is transmitted from the never endings to the skeletal muscle cell membranes are the | show 🗑
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| show | a twitch
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| show | fused tetanus
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| show | acetylcholine
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| the ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during the action potential generation are | show 🗑
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| show | holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle
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| show | single unit
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| At the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions act to release synaptic vesicles from ______ | show 🗑
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| show | voltage gated calcium
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| What is the name of the enzyme that degrades ACh? | show 🗑
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| show | SR
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| Which ion links excitation to contraction in skeletal muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| As AP travel down a T tubule a voltage sensitive protein changes shape and _____________ | show 🗑
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| What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| show | muscle contraction
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| Which is the only muscle subject to conscious control? | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac and skeletal
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| show | voluntarily
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| ____________ muslce forms in the heart, is striated , and controlled involuntarily | show 🗑
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| show | hollow organs
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| show | Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity
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| What are functions of muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal
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| Acetylcholine(ACh) | show 🗑
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| show | Enzyme present at the neuromuscular junction and synapses that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action.
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| show | Skeletal muscle
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| show | False
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| show | Muscle cells have myoglobin; most other cells do not
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| show | an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels.
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| show | T-tubules
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| show | actin.
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| show | breaks down acetylcholine.
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| Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called: | show 🗑
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| True or False During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments so that actin and myosin filaments do not overlap. | show 🗑
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| true or false During contraction, the distance between Z disks of a sarcomere decreases. | show 🗑
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| When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is: | show 🗑
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| show | the muscle length will not change during contraction.
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| show | graded muscle response.
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| show | aerobic respiration.
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| show | The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges.
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| show | Fatigue resistant
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| show | Moderately fatigue resistant
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| How does a Fast glycolytic muscle fiber fatigue | show 🗑
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| show | false
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| True or False Contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| True or False Duchenne muscular dystrophy is more common in females than in males. | show 🗑
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| Actin | show 🗑
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| Action Potential | show 🗑
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| show | Oxygen-requiring
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| show | The length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways
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| Aerobic Respiration | show 🗑
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| Anerobic | show 🗑
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| Anaerobic Glycolysis | show 🗑
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| Anaerobic Threshold | show 🗑
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| Aponeurosis | show 🗑
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| show | Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use
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| Cardiac Muscle | show 🗑
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| Contractility | show 🗑
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| show | To shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells
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| Creatin Kinase | show 🗑
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| show | Compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue
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| Depolarization | show 🗑
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| show | Thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell
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| show | Sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle
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| Excitability (Irritability) | show 🗑
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| Excitation-Contraction (E-C)Coupling | show 🗑
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| Fascia | show 🗑
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| Fascicle | show 🗑
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| Glycolysis | show 🗑
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| Graded Muscle Responses | show 🗑
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| show | Movable attachment of a muscle
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| Isometric Contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given joint angle and load, and the muscle shortens
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| show | Product of anerobic metabolism, espically in muscle
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| show | Period of time between stimulation and the onset of muscle contraction
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| show | A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
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| Muscle Tension | show 🗑
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| show | Low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle; keeps the muscle healty and ready to act
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| Muscle Twitch | show 🗑
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| show | Embryonic mesoderm cells from which all mucle fibers develop
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| show | Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers (cells)
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| Myofilament | show 🗑
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| Myoglobin | show 🗑
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| Myogram | show 🗑
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| Myosin | show 🗑
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| Neuromuscular Junction | show 🗑
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| show | Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
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| Oxygen Deficit | show 🗑
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| show | Connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers
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| show | Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs(or that move other substances through other hollow body organs)
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| show | Movement of the membrane potential to the initial resting (polarized) state
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| show | High intensity exercise in which the muscles are pitted against high resistance or immovable forces and, as a result, muscle cells increase in size
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| show | The plasma membrane surface of a muscle fiber
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| Sarcomere | show 🗑
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| Sarcoplasm | show 🗑
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| show | Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
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| Skeletal Muscle | show 🗑
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| Smooth Muscle | show 🗑
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| Summation | show 🗑
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| show | Extension of the muscle cell plasma membrane (sarcolemma) that protrudes deeply into the muscle cell
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| show | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone
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| show | A smooth sustained muscle contraction resulting from high frequency stimulation.
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| show | Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response in an irritable tissue
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| show | epimysium
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| show | motor unit.
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| Does Hemoglobin concentration in muscle fibers increase during muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| Do The I bands shorten and H zones disappear during muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges? | show 🗑
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| show | neuromuscular junction.
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| How can you best describes the composition of the structure known as a triad in a skeletal muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| show | myosin
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| show | epimysium.
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| show | sarcomere.
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| The space between the neuron and the muscle is the: | show 🗑
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| The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of an entire muscle is muscle: | show 🗑
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| show | isometric.
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| show | yes
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| show | no
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| show | no
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| Do The contractions of skeletal muscles pull on tendons and move elements of the skeleton. | show 🗑
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| Does Lactic Acid increase in quantity during repetitive muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| What do ATP, CP, glucose, and oxygen all do during muscle contraction. | show 🗑
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| show | action potential
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| show | sarcolemma
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| ________________ maintain the organization of the A band and provide for elastic recoil when muscle contraction ends | show 🗑
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| What binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction | show 🗑
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| ____________ causes smooth muscle contractions | show 🗑
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| _________ is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched.
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| ______________ is the ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated. | show 🗑
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| The muscle of the stomach is ________ muscle and is involuntary muscle. | show 🗑
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| Skeletal muscle contracts ______________. | show 🗑
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| A sarcomere is part of a | show 🗑
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| The _____________ are part of the sarcomere and are of two types, thick and thin | show 🗑
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| "Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | cross bridges
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| The refractory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell | show 🗑
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| does Hyperpolarization occur in muscle cells? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of rigor mortis | show 🗑
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| Calcium influx into the cell after death promotes the formation of _______ and stiffening of muscles after death, which is known as rigor mortis. | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| show | peristalsis
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| show | skeletal
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| show | smooth
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| show | Myosin
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| The head of the myosin molecule binds to what molecule to form the cross bridge? | show 🗑
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| show | Tropomyosin
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| show | Troponin
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| The binding of what to the myosin head puts the cross bridge in its high-energy conformation? | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| show | ATP
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| show | Flexing of the cross bridge (power stroke)
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| show | Depletion of ATP
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| Which type of muscle cell has visible striations and many nuclei and is under voluntary control? | show 🗑
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| show | Tendons
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| Whole muscle is composed of bundles of muscle cells called: | show 🗑
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| show | epimysium.
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| show | sarcolemma.
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| The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where calcium ions are stored is called the: | show 🗑
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| show | myofibril.
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| show | The A band
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| show | The I band
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| show | sarcomere
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| show | endomysium.
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| show | Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| show | Voltage-gated (voltage-regulated) calcium channels
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| show | Exocytosis
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| Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor endplate opens channels that let which ion enter the cell and cause depolarization? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme, digests the acetylcholine.
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| show | T tubule
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| The action potential causes the release of calcium ions from what structure in the muscle cell? | show 🗑
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| In order for skeletal muscle cells to contract, they must be stimulated by a/an: | show 🗑
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| The potential energy stored in ATP is found in the: | show 🗑
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| The potential energy in ATP is released during a process called: | show 🗑
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| show | A water molecule
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| What is the end product in the anaerobic pathway? | show 🗑
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| show | myoglobin.
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| Which type of muscle fiber has a large quantitiy of myoglobin and mainly uses the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP? | show 🗑
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| A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates is called a: | show 🗑
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| show | recruitment.
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| Where is the interneuron located? | show 🗑
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| The muscles of the eye need to make precise small motor movements. What size are the motor units in the eye? | show 🗑
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| The muscles of the thigh exhibit gross movements for walking. What size are the motor units in the thigh? | show 🗑
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| Random, asynchronous motor unit contractions provide a low-level tension and resistance to stretch called muscle __________. | show 🗑
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| show | The muscle will become flaccid.
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| Where is the motor neuron located? | show 🗑
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| show | neuromuscular junction.
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| An increase in the strength of the stimulus will cause an increase in tension development caused by: | show 🗑
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| The development of tension in a muscle, in response to a single stimulus above threshold, is called a muscle ___________. | show 🗑
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| The shortest phase of a muscle twitch, usually lasting less than 5 milliseconds, is called the: | show 🗑
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| show | Relaxation phase
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| When a second stimulus is applied before complete relaxation, there is a greater development of tension. What is this called? | show 🗑
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| When a single stimulus is applied to a muscle, a curve of the tension developed (muscle twitch) can be generated. If the same strength stimulus is applied to the muscle again (after complete relaxation), how will the size of the second curve be altered? | show 🗑
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| show | treppe.
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| With rapid, multiple stimulations, the contraction-relaxation cycles are shorter but there still is some degree of relaxation. What is this stage called? | show 🗑
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| With rapid, multiple stimulations, the contractions fuse into a smooth, continuous contraction. This stage in the multiple stimuli graph is called: | show 🗑
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