Ecology Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Community ecology | show 🗑
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| Types of interactions | show 🗑
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| show | interference, intraspecific, interspecific
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| show | direct aggressive interaction between individuals
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| show | Competition between individuals of same species
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| show | competition between individuals of two species, reduces fitness of both
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| Gauss | show 🗑
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| show | When resources decline, intraspecific competition will work against the slower grower
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| show | local elimination of competing species with same limiting resources
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| show | Pumas and lions (one hunts alone, one hunts in packs but eating the same foods)
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| True or false, it is possible for two species to have identical species? | show 🗑
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| show | the total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources
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| Ecological role | show 🗑
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| show | abiotic part of the niche
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| Hutchinson's definition of a niche | show 🗑
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| show | hypervolume, the perfect conditions without competition in which an organism could ideally exist
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| realized niche | show 🗑
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| show | differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community
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| Describe warbler feeding zones as an example of resource partitioning | show 🗑
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| show | The reptiles partition fairly small areas, the lizards that like sunny places like fence posts will need to be faster than the other reptiles and it will also need to be able to digest resources faster so they can escape predators in less protected places
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| show | effect of interspecific competition on population growth of each species, predict coexistence of two species when for both species, interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific competition
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| Competition coefficients | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| True or false, prey display various defensive adaptations | show 🗑
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| show | Camouflage, poison or horns, alarm calls and some morphological and physiological defense adaptations
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| Cryptic coloration | show 🗑
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| show | A canyon tree frog blends with granite but won't find food on a rock outcrop
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| Aposematic coloration | show 🗑
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| show | harmless species mimics a harmful one
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| show | Hawk mouth larva mimic green parrot snakes, a viceroy butterfly which is tasty has similar coloration to a a monarch which is toxic to predators
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| Mullerian mimicry | show 🗑
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| show | Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket
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| What is an example of an organism exhibiting aposematic coloring? | show 🗑
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| herbivory | show 🗑
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| True or false, silica shards are incorporated into grass blades to prevent herbivores from eating them | show 🗑
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| parasitism | show 🗑
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| show | parasites that live within the body of their host
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| show | parasites that live on the external surface of a host
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| mutualism | show 🗑
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| facultative mutualism | show 🗑
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| obligate mutualism | show 🗑
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| abuscular mycorrhizal fungi | show 🗑
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| show | ECM, forms mantle around roots- important in increasing plant access to phosphorous and other immobile nutrients
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| show | true
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| What is lichen composed of? | show 🗑
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| Describe the relationship Zooxanthellae and corals | show 🗑
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| True or false, crustaceans live symbiotically externally on coral species and clean the outside to allow for continued photosynthesis | show 🗑
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| show | Sea stars eat crustaceans which clean the coral by eating whatever grows on it in which algae live
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| How many coral species are protected by crustacean mutualists? | show 🗑
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| show | organisms that can move and acquire nutrients from organisms
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| show |
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| show | fitness of successful mutualists must be greater than unsuccessful or non-mutualists
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| show | proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extra-floral nectar excretion
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| show | low proportion of plant's energy bduget invested in extrafloral nectaries, high probability of attracting ants, low effectiveness of alt. defense, highly effective ant defense
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| show | one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected
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| show | cattle egrets and water buffalo and barnacles and scallops
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| Commensal interactions are hard to document in nature, why? | show 🗑
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| show |
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| show | strong
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| Two fundamental features of community structure are | show 🗑
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| species evenness | show 🗑
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| show | is the variety of organisms that make up the community
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| show | species richness and relative abundance
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| species richness | show 🗑
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| show | relative abundance of each unique species
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| relative abundance | show 🗑
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| show | H'=-SUMpi*lnpi
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| H' | show 🗑
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| show | proportion of the ith species
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| show | natural logarithm of pi
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| S | show 🗑
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| show | The one with the highest number of individuals per species
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| show | Has a low dominance, numbers similar and more taxa
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| show | H=-[(pAlnpA)+
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| Diversity for microbes is similar to carrying capacity curve, true or false, | show 🗑
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| show | Internal transcribed spacer regions within the ribosomes
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| Dominant species | show 🗑
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| Keystone species | show 🗑
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| Ecosystem engineers | show 🗑
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| show | total mass of all individuals in a population which is dominating
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| invasive species | show 🗑
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| trophic structure | show 🗑
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| show | link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
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| True or false, energy expended for food is the largest amount expended by an organism | show 🗑
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| The basic biodiversity at the lowest trophic level supports the health of the entire environment, true or false | show 🗑
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| food web | show 🗑
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| Exotic species/predators | show 🗑
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| show | predation, parasitism, disease. Higher trophic levels control community structure, changes the structure of the community
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| show | the quality and quantity of food available, lower trophic levels control community structure (always from inorganic to organic), builds a pyramid
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| show | the impact or influence is between the two parties involved. There is a cause & effect connection not mediated by other organisms or factors
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| show | Direct effect between species A and B causes an affect on Species c, tri-trophic interactions, trophic cascades
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| show | variation at one trophic level influences the interaction between the other two, ex: variation in plant quality can influence the interaction between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies
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| show | variation at one trophic level influences the interaction between the other two, ex: variation in plant quality can influence the interaction between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies
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| long term experimental studies have shown that communities vary in their relative degree of bottom up to top down control | show 🗑
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| biomanipulation | show 🗑
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| long term experimental studies have shown that communities vary in their relative degree of bottom up to top down control | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | can help restore polluted communities
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| True or false, humans have changed bottom up and top down control tremendously | show 🗑
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| keystone species | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | the energetic hypothesis and the dynamic stability hypothesis
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| show | length is limited by inefficient energy transfer, most data supports this
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| show | long food chains are less stable than short ones
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| productivity | show 🗑
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| Who was the keystone species in the killer whale story? | show 🗑
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| Foundation species (ecosystem engineers) | show 🗑
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| What is a mammal example of a foundation species? | show 🗑
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| facilitators | show 🗑
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| what are examples of facilitators? | show 🗑
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| how is ecosystem ecology incorporated in bottom up model | show 🗑
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| top down and ecosystem ecology | show 🗑
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| show | super-organisms, monoclimax theory
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| show | all the vegetation within a region will converge to the same vegetation type, which is regulated by climate
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| show | non-equilibrium model
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| show | describes communities as constantly changing after disturbances, change is continual, history and random events are important, even if equilibrium is theoretically possible, disturbance is too frequent to allow it
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| show | an event that changes a community, removes organism from it, and alters resource availability, varies in spatial scale, intensity, frequency and type
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| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | show 🗑
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| high levels of disturbance | show 🗑
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| show | allow dominant species to exclude less competitive species,
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| show | ocean waves overturn and move intertidal boulders, killing the algae and barnacles, boulders of different sizes turn over at different frequencies,
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| According to Sousa, on what type of substrate will there be the largest diversity and what type of disturbance hypothesis did it prove? | show 🗑
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| show | sequence of a community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance, non-seasonal change in species composition as a function of time, usually following disturbance, accompanied by changes in the environment, often directional and sometimes predictable
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| primary succession | show 🗑
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| secondary succession | show 🗑
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| show | measure of an individuals relative contribution to the gene pool or next generation
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| show | a genotype's contribution to the next generation in comparison with the contribution of other genotypes for that locus. The most reproductively succesful varients are said to have a relative fitness of 1 and the fitness of other genotypes are ratios
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| show | Directional selection, disruptive selection and stabilizing selection
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| show | occurs most frequently during periods of environmental change when individuals deviating in one direction from the average for some phenotypic character may be favored
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| disruptive selection | show 🗑
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| show | acts against extreme phenotypes and favors more intermediate forms, tending to reduce phenotypic variation
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| show | a morph's reproductive success declines if it becomes too common in the population
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| show | the distinction between males and females on the basis of secondary sexual characteristics
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| show | selection for traits that may not be adaptive to the environment but do enhance reproductive success
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| intrasexual selection | show 🗑
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| intersexual selection | show 🗑
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| show | number of viable offspring produced
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| show | has a high migration rate
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| show | select for traits that enhance an individual's chance of mating
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| Behavioral Ecology | show 🗑
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| Sociobiology | show 🗑
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| show | environment less suitable for early species but more suitable for late successional species. early successional species die out, eventually resident species are ones that do not change the environment in a way to favor other species
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| show | environment less suitable for early spcies but neither less nor more favorable for later successional species. Eventually resident species are ones able to tolerate environmental change by earlier species and no other species can tolerate conditions
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| show | environment less suitable for all other species, eventually resident species inhibit establishment of all other species, persistent until disturbed
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| Where are succession stages being observed currently in the United States? | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | humans have the greatest impact on biological communities worldwide, human disturbance to communities usually reduces species diversity, humans also prevent some naturally occurring disturbances which can be important to community structure
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| Two factors controlling biomes | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | true
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| Why is the greatest diversity at 30 degrees? | show 🗑
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| show | solar energy and water availability
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| evapo-transpiration | show 🗑
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| show | quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species
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| community | show 🗑
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| show | occur between the different species living in a community, the effect of these interactions on the survival and reproduction of a population can be signified by + and - signs
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| show | populations of two species use the same limited resource
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| show | the less efficient competitor will be logically eliminated
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| ecological niche | show 🗑
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| resource partitioning | show 🗑
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| describe character displacement | show 🗑
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| sympatric speciation | show 🗑
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| allopatric speciation | show 🗑
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| show | involves a predator killing and eating prey, +/-
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| show | camouflage, attempt to blend with background
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| aposematic coloration | show 🗑
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| show | may be used by prey to exploit the warning coloration of other species
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| herbivory | show 🗑
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| parasitism | show 🗑
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| show | pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi or prions may kill host but always feed on host, +/-
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| mutualism | show 🗑
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| show | only one member appears to benefit from the interaction, +/0
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| coevolution | show 🗑
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| show | determined by species richness and relative abundance
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| show | number of different species present
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| relative abundance | show 🗑
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| trophic structure | show 🗑
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| show | shows transfer of food energy from one trophic level to the next
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| What are examples of producers in a trophic structure? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of primary consumers in a trophic structure? | show 🗑
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| show | Carnivores, omnivores
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| energetic hypothesis | show 🗑
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| dynamic stability hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | The Energetic hypothesis
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| true or false, species in a community that have the highest abundance or largest biomass are major influence on the occurrence and distribution of species | show 🗑
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| show | a species may become this due to its competitive use of resources or success at avoiding predation or disease
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| invasive species | show 🗑
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| show | have a large impact on community structure as a result of its ecological role.
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| True or false, Paine's study of a predatory sea star demonstrated its role in maintaining species richness in an inter-tidal community by reducing the density of mussels, a highly competitive prey species | show 🗑
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| facilitators | show 🗑
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| bottom up model structure | show 🗑
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| show | predators>herbivores>vegetation>nutrients
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| show | increasing predators will decrease herbivores which will increase vegetation which will decrease levels of nutrients
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| show | The trophic cascade that would be needed to end with a decrease in algae would require an increase in zooplankton, decrease in primary predators and increase in top predators, add more top predators to the lake
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| show | emphasizes communities are constantly changing as a result of disturbances
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| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | fire, drought, storms, overgrazing, human activities that change resource availability, reduce or eliminate some populations and may create opportunities for new species
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| ecological succession | show 🗑
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| primary succession | show 🗑
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| secondary succession | show 🗑
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| evapotranspiration | show 🗑
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| Describe Gleason's individualistic concept of communities | show 🗑
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| show | Species A is limited to its range by abiotic factors, and species B is limited to its range because it cannot compete with species A
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| The species richness of a community refers to | show 🗑
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| show | the integrated hypothesis
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| Through resource partitioning | show 🗑
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| show | Algae-producer
Fungi-decomposer
Carnivorous fish larvae-secondary consumer
Eagle-tertiary or quaternary consumer
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| show | prey species that have chemical defenses
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| show | Batesian mimicry
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| show | keystone species
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| show | be able to feed without killing its host
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| show | According to the energetic hypothesis, the inefficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next limits the number of links that can exist
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| show | slow down the successful colonization by other species
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| show | chance events such as disturbances play major roles in the structure and composition of communities
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| show | tertiary consumers
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| show | Greater species diversity and lower species richness
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| Give examples of organisms and their community roles | show 🗑
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| Two allopatric speceis of Galapagos finches have beaks of similar size. There is a significance differences in beak size when the tow species occur on the same island. What is this an example of? | show 🗑
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| show | phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species’ distributions do not overlap, Driven by competitive exclusion
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| fecundity | show 🗑
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| show | area where biomes grade into eachother
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| interference competition | show 🗑
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| show | among plants, thinning, think crowns of trees block out slight at the same height, competition bw species
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| interspecific | show 🗑
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| competitive exclusion | show 🗑
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| show | When zero growth isoclines cross
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| biological adaptation | show 🗑
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| show | species living within a community compared to organs in a great natural body, all of the compenents of the organisms parts are vital for survival, very abrupt boundaries
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| show | Gleason
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| What scientist was responsible for the idea of the super organism? | show 🗑
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| show | chemical warfare against competitors
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| show | more passive forms of mutually detrimental interaction (think trees competing for water)
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| conegers | show 🗑
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| replacement series | show 🗑
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| niche overlap | show 🗑
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| show | vegetational zones
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| Scientist who was responsible for mapping 116 types of plants associated with boundaries of the continental US and embraced super organism idea | show 🗑
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| show | consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact
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| show | energy flow and chemical cycling
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| True or false, energy flows through the ecosystems while matter cycles within them | show 🗑
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| What is the reason for loss of energy between transferring from trophic levels? | show 🗑
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| show | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
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| show | solar radiation
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| how is energy lost from organisms? | show 🗑
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| show | every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe
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| show | disorder
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| In energy conversions, are they completely efficient or not completely efficient? | show 🗑
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| show | matter cannot be created or destroyed
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| show | chemical elements
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| show | Forest ecosystems
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| show | Open, they absorb energy and mass and release heat and waste products
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| show | autotrophs
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| show | herbivores
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| secondary consumers | show 🗑
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| show | carnivores that eat other carnivores
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| Life depends on recycling of chemical elements, true or false | show 🗑
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| Nutrient circuits in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components and are often called | show 🗑
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| show | in the atmosphere
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| show | On more local level
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| A model of what includes main reservoirs of elements and processes that transfer elements between reservoirs | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | True
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| Water is essential to all organisms, 97% of the biosphere’s water is in the oceans, 2 % is in glaciers and polar ice, 1% is in lakes, river and groundwater | show 🗑
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| Physical properties of soil will allow for purification of water in what processes? | show 🗑
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| show | all organisms
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| Carbon reservoirs include what | show 🗑
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| CO2 is taken up and released through what | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| What are nitrogen reservoirs? | show 🗑
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| Net primary production= | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Ecosystems vary greatly in NPP and the contribution to the total NPP on earth, tropical environment have what NPP and tundras have what NPP | show 🗑
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| Standing crop- total biomass of the photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time= | show 🗑
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| show | includes only solar energy with wavelengths of 400-700 nm,
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| True or false, some organisms will use only certain types of the wavelength, | show 🗑
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| show | difference in color, highest efficiency of chlorophyll a and b are the reason that organisms are green, the world is green because energy is most efficient at the ends of the spectrums, not at the middle
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| show | True
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| How many types of Chlorophyll are there and what are they called | show 🗑
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| show | Energy efficiency of the blue and the red spectrum are higher and therefore this energy is used and the green wavelengths are reflected
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| What are the most productive ecosystems per unit area | show 🗑
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| show | Marine ecosystems, but contribute much to global net primary production because of their volume
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| What limits production more than light in lakes and oceans? | show 🗑
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| What is a limiting nutrient | show 🗑
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| show | Nitrogen and Phosphorous
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| show | Nitrogen
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| show | for every magnesium center there are four nitrogen atoms
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| Photosystem 2 center has anywhere between 40 and 2000 chlorophyll molecules | show 🗑
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| Where is the nitrogen coming from? | show 🗑
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| Phosphate is super important in cellular respiration; it is the P in ATP | show 🗑
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| show | converting gaseous form of N2 to NO3 or NO4
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| show | decomposers from NO3 and NO4 to N2
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| show | It’s an immobile chemical- involves the movement of phosphorous throughout the biosphere and lithosphere
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| Decomposers (detrivores) play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling | show 🗑
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| show | differing rates of decomposition
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| The rate of decomposition is controlled by | show 🗑
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| show | levels of nutrients in the soil
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| True or false, Vegetation strongly regulates nutrient cycling | show 🗑
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| True or false, The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest has been used to study nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem since 1963 | show 🗑
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| show | Organisms store these nutrients so they can start life and sustain it, Relationship between presences of vegetation, type of soil, role of water, referenced in the mountain top removal, In this experiment,40 to 60% increase in loss of water and nutrients
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| show | disrupted the trophic structure, energy glow, and chemical cycling of many ecosystems
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| show | Acidify
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| Agriculture removes what from ecosystems nutrients that would ordinarily be cycled back into the soil | show 🗑
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| What is the main nutrient lost through agriculture, thus, agriculture greatly affects this cycle | show 🗑
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| show | Decrease
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| Critical load for a nutrient is the | show 🗑
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| When excess nutrients are added to an ecosystem, | show 🗑
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| show | groundwater as well as freshwater and marine ecosystems
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| show | cultural eutrophication
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| True or false, Only nutrient loads from the Mississippi River in the Gulf of Mexico can explain year round primary production | show 🗑
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| show | acid precipitation
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| North American and European ecosystems downwind from industrial regions have been damaged | show 🗑
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