Midterm Review Sheet Summarized. Missing some stuff.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | 1. Observation of nature 2. Detection of patterns or regularities 3. Induction of underlying laws of nature 4. Deductive prediction of new phenomena 5. Experimental test of prediction 6. Generalization and reduction
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| show | 1. Science has 2 phases, normal and crisis 2. Normal science is what happens most, ruled by a paradigm 3. Occasional measurements do not agree with predictions, usually do not overthrow the paradigm 4. When enough contradictions build up, a revolution can
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| show | Occasional measurements do not agree with predictions, usually do not overthrow the paradigm. When enough contradictions build up, a revolution can occur. With a new paradigm, science reverts to normal mode, and progress resumes.
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| Celestial Sphere | show 🗑
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| show | The overhead point
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| Meridian | show 🗑
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| show | Sun on meridian
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| Right Ascension | show 🗑
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| Decliniation | show 🗑
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| Azimuth | show 🗑
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| Which coordinates change with time due to rotation of earth? | show 🗑
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| Motions in the sky of stars(3 things) | show 🗑
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| show | full shadow (darkest part)
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| show | partial shadow
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| show | Earth’s shadow falls on the moon
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| Solar Eclipse | show 🗑
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| show | 3/4 of moon
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| Waxing phases | show 🗑
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| Waning phases | show 🗑
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| Saros Cycle | show 🗑
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| show | Believed in Number, Harmony, Order, and Geometry
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| show | Aristarchus’ model explains retrograde motion naturally, and has no counter-earth. 6 Rings, moon revolves around earth. Calculated the distance of the moon relative to distance of earth and size of moon and sun
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| show | Caused the decline of real science (Plato) real world vs visual world. Elevation of authority, perfect spheres,
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| Plato (3 things) | show 🗑
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| Aristotle (3 things) | show 🗑
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| Hipparchus (7 things) | show 🗑
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| Ptolemy (7 things) | show 🗑
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| Indian Astronomy (5 things) | show 🗑
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| show | o Recorded observations of eclipses since the 13th century bc o Recorded meteor showers, lunar and solar eclipses for hundreds of years o Observation of Haley’s comet in 466 bc o Discovered accurately the length of year, precision,predicted eclipses
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| show | o Built observatories 6000 years agoo Astronomers used to keep track of yearly cycles of agriculture o Had 12 constellations used today to mark annual passage of the sun with respect to stars. o Brighter stars given names to distinguish
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| show | o Originated dividing circle 360 degrees with minute and second divisions in the circle o First to use leap month o First to use leap month
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| Copernicus (4 things plus equation) | show 🗑
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| show | “difficult” personality Showed a nova had no parallax, a blow to aristotlean physics Had largest most accurate instruments Sun, moon, revolved around earth
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| show | “Harmony of spheres” spheres inscribed in regular solids (cubes, tetrahedrons, etc) Initial model of circles rejected because data wasn’t accurate enough. Created a cause for motion of planets. Sugg. a force came from sun (magnetism) + decreased w/distanc
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| Keplers 3 laws of Planetary Motion | show 🗑
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| show | Concept of inertiaConcept of forceFalling objects move at constant accelerationObserved craters on the moon, 4 moons of Jupiter, Milky way into stars, phases of venus, and saw Neptune but didn’t recognize as a planet.For writing a book that challenged and
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| show | 1. Inertia2. Force = Mass * Acceleration3. for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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| Gravity Equation | show 🗑
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| show | o light travels at, well, the speed of light and has wavelength and frequency
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| show | o The amount and type of electromagnetic radiation they emit is directly related to their temperature. Black bodies below around 700 K (430 °C) produce very little radiation at visible wavelengths and appear black (hence the name). Black bodies above this
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| Wien’s Law | show 🗑
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| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | show 🗑
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| show | use a mirror. They are relatively lightweight, therefore can get pretty large (aka large aperture). They have shorter focal lengths than refracting telescopes
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| show | use a lens. Lenses are heavy and bulky and can only get so big (aka limited aperture). Refracting telescopes however provide sharper, more detailed images
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| space telescopes why? | show 🗑
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| Radio telescopes | show 🗑
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| show | 1. All planetary orbits lie in a single ecliptic plane 2. Sun’s rotation equator is in ecliptic 3. Planetary orbits are nearly circular4. Planetary revolution is W to E5. Sun and 6 of 8 planets rotate prograde with small axis tilts
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| Formation of the solar system general characteristics (6-10) | show 🗑
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| show | 11. Planet-satilite systems resemble solar system 12. Planets have much more angular momentum than the sun
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| Exoplanets 2 discovery methods | show 🗑
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