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First half of Astronomy 109 @ Rutgers University

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
How does science work, in steps?   show
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What is a paradigm?   show
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show Hydrogen and Helium, the rest were made in stars  
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show completely certain conclusions given accurate premises  
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show uncertain conclusions  
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What is a theory?   show
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show The apparent dome of the sky  
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Zenith is?   show
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show The circle from north through zenith to south  
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Where is the sun at Noon?   show
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Celestial equator is?   show
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Right ascension is?   show
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Declination is?   show
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show The angle from north through east along the horizon  
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Altitude is?   show
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Azimuth and Altitude coordinates are local and change with time, what doesn't?   show
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show 0 degrees to 180 degrees  
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show Summer  
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show Summer  
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show Motion for East to west, 24 hours  
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show Stars that never set  
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show Noon to noon  
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A Sidereal day is?   show
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show 4 minutes  
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The sun moves Annually from N-S and W to E along..?   show
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show Diurnal, monthly from W to E  
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The sailor moon crescent moon is actually called?   show
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show A half moon, the white part being on the right. The last quarter has the white part on the left.  
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show The full moon is fully illuminated, the new moon is all dark.  
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show Waxing and Waning Gibbous  
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show The darkest shadow cast by the planet on another planet, in the middle between the lighter penumbra shadows  
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show the lighter shadow cast during an eclipse onto another planet. It surrounds the umbra, the darkest shadow.  
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show The earths shadow falling on the moon  
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show The moons shadow falls on the earth  
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show The 18 year 11 month period of eclipse cycles  
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Planets motion is?   show
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Pythagoras' birth date and theories:   show
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Philolaus' birth date and theories:   show
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show (375-310 BC) Mercury and venus orbit sun, explains retrograde motion and positions of mercury and venus. sun and other other planets orbit earth  
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Aristarchus' birth date and theories:   show
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show (428-348 BC) Theory has a "real" world of perfection vs our "visible" world of perception. Hard for his theories to be disproved by evidence bc his theories cannot be proven wrong.  
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show (~370 BC) Made a model of spheres within spheres, 3 spheres per planet, plus sun, moon. 27 spheres total. only crudely represented retrograde motion  
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show (384-322) Held Platos ideas as absolute fact. Theory involved 4 elements: earth, water, air, fire. "natural" places: earth lowest, fire highest. motion arises when objects are displaced from natural place. Argued against heliocentric theory.  
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Hipparchus' birth date and theories:   show
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Eratosthenes' birth date and theories:   show
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show (~150 AD) Used Hippachus' general ideas. Introduced the equant, a point opposite of the eccentric, at thesame distance from the center. Planet's epicycle moves on the deferent at a variable speed, the speed appears constant as seen from the equant.  
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show Used 40 circles in total, set the size of the universe: 20,000 R = 1 AU. Dominated for 1400 years, the most successful scientific theory ever. Accurate predictions  
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Hypatia's birth date and contributions:   show
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Copernicus (1273-1543)   show
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