Chapters 1-4 and syllabus
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| show | Psychology
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| Psychology is best defined as the study of | show 🗑
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| show | The practice of diagnosing and treating mental illness, a social science, and a biological science.
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| show | Cognitive psychology
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| The study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span | show 🗑
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| The study of the links among the brain, mind, and behavior | show 🗑
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| show | Biological psychology
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| show | Clinical psychology
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| show | Personality psychology
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| The study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior | show 🗑
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| show | Health psychology
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| The study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching | show 🗑
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| show | Sports psychology
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| show | Industrial/organizational psychology
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| Field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice | show 🗑
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| show | Shamans
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| Facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century | show 🗑
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| show | Psychoanalysis
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| A clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior | show 🗑
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| The view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience | show 🗑
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| show | Psychophysics
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| Wundt | show 🗑
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| show | Structuralism
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| show | Introspection
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| Argued that it is better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts. Influenced by Natural selection | show 🗑
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| show | Behaviorism
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| Focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential | show 🗑
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| Shares humanistic beliefs. Studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning | show 🗑
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| Maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts | show 🗑
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| The change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species | show 🗑
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| Inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute to reproductive success | show 🗑
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| Studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors | show 🗑
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| Things that evolve because they solved one problem and they happen to solve another to | show 🗑
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| show | Cumulative, a process more than a product, and an attitude
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| show | Scientific method
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| show | Hypothesis
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| show | Theory
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| show | Replication
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| show | Pseudoscience
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| show | Research design
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| show | Variable
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| The entire group a researcher is interested in. A humans, all boys, all girls, all college students | show 🗑
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| Subsets of the population studied in a research project | show 🗑
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| The tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self reports | show 🗑
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| show | Descriptive designs
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| show | Case study
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| Examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying individual lives over time | show 🗑
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| A study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world | show 🗑
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| show | Representative sample
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| Studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation | show 🗑
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| show | Correlation coefficient
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| show | Experiment
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| show | Independent variable
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| In an experiment, the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation | show 🗑
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| The method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group | show 🗑
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| A group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they do not receive the independent variable or treatment | show 🗑
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| show | Placebo
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| A group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior | show 🗑
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| Variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined | show 🗑
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| Studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned | show 🗑
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| show | Double-blind studies
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| Result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group | show 🗑
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| show | Self-fulfilling prophecy
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| show | Meta-analysis
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| show | Effect size
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| Experimental design must have | show 🗑
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| show | Self-reports
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| show | Behavioral measures
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| Measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state | show 🗑
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| The use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior | show 🗑
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| show | Statistics
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| show | Descriptive statistics
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| The arithmetic average of a series of numbers | show 🗑
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| The score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half | show 🗑
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| show | Mode
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| A statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean | show 🗑
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| The rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation. Standards of right and wrong | show 🗑
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| show | Informend consent, respect for persons, beneficence, privacy and confidentiality, and justice
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| show | Debriefing
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| show | Institutional review boards
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| Research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups | show 🗑
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| show | Quasi-experimental design
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| show | Enriched environment
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| A large molecule that contains genes | show 🗑
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| show | Genes
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| All the genetic information in DNA | show 🗑
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| show | Alleles
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| show | Dominant gene
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| The scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior | show 🗑
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| the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene | show 🗑
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| The process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic | show 🗑
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| show | Heritability
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| Twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm | show 🗑
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| show | Identical twins
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| Research into hereditary influence comparing pairs of fraternal and identical twins | show 🗑
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| show | Adoption studies
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| Research into hereditary influence on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised apart and who were raised together | show 🗑
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| A method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers that allow researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others | show 🗑
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| show | Epigenetics
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| The part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord | show 🗑
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| show | Peripheral nervous system
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| Transmits sensory information to the CNS and from there to the skeletal muscles | show 🗑
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| Controls all actions and automatic processes of the body | show 🗑
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| show | Autonomic nervous system
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| show | Sympathetic nervous system
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| The branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state. | show 🗑
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| show | Glial cells
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| show | Neurons
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| show | Neuro-transmitters
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| show | Soma
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| show | Axon
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| show | Dendrites
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| show | Myelin sheath
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| show | Synapse
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| show | Terminal buttons
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| Nerve cells that receive incoming information from the sense organs | show 🗑
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| show | Motor neurons
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| show | Mirror neurons
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| Neurons that communicate only with other neurons. The most common kind of neuron in the brain | show 🗑
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| show | Action potential
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| Chemically charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids; found both inside and outside cells | show 🗑
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| The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest | show 🗑
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| show | Refractory period
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| show | All-or-none principle
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| show | Threshold
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| show | Synaptic vesicles
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| show | Reuptake
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| show | Enzymatic degradation
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| show | Graded potential
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| A neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming | show 🗑
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| show | Dopamine
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| show | Epinephrine
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| A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the sympathetic nervous system, energizing bodily systems and increasing mental arousal and alertness | show 🗑
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| show | GABA
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| show | Glutamate
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| show | Hindbrain
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| show | Pons
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| show | Medulla
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| show | Cerebellum
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| Inborn and involuntary behaviors-- such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, or vomiting-- that are elicited by very specific stimuli | show 🗑
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| The midbrain, the medulla, and the pons | show 🗑
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| Controls the eye muscles, process auditory and visual information, and initiate voluntary movement of the body | show 🗑
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| show | Reticular formation
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| show | Forebrain
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| show | Thalamus
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| Important to emotion and motivation. Contains the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus
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| A limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus; plays a vital role in learning and memory | show 🗑
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| A small, almond shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus; has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information, especially that related to fear | show 🗑
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| A beltlike structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control | show 🗑
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| A collection of structures surrounding the thalamus involved in voluntary motor control | show 🗑
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| Each of the large halves of the brain that are covered with convolutions or folds | show 🗑
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| The thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place | show 🗑
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| show | Contralaterality
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| Lobe that holds attention, holds things in the mind while we solve problems, abstract thinking, control of impulses, creativity, and social awareness | show 🗑
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| Top and rear sections of the brain. Play a role in the sensation and perception of touch | show 🗑
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| Directly below the frontal and parietal loves and right behind the ears. Main function is hearing | show 🗑
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| show | Occipital lobes
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| show | Insula
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| show | Corpus callosum
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| show | Aphasia
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| An area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech | show 🗑
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| show | Wernicke's area
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| The brain's ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throughout life,as a function of experience | show 🗑
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| The development of new neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Arborization
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| show | synaptogenesis
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| show | Electroencephalography
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| A special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes | show 🗑
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| Brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues | show 🗑
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| Brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in areas of the brain and other soft tissues | show 🗑
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| show | Positron emission tomography
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| System of glands that secrete and regulate hormones in the body | show 🗑
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| show | Hormones
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| show | Pituitary gland
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| Endocrine structures that release hormones important in regulating the stress response and emotions | show 🗑
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| show | Catecholamines
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| show | Cortisol
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| The process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses | show 🗑
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| show | Transduction
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| show | Psychophysics
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| show | Absolute threshold
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| show | Signal detection theory
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| The smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time | show 🗑
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| show | Weber's law
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| The effect of frame of mind on perception; a tendency to perceive stimuli in a certain manner | show 🗑
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| The opening in the iris through which light enters the eye | show 🗑
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| show | Cornea
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| The muscle that forms the colored part of the eye; it adjusts the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye | show 🗑
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| show | Lens
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| The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances | show 🗑
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| show | Retina
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| Cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy; they are transducers | show 🗑
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| Photoreceptors that function in low illumination and play a key role in night vision; responsive to dark and light contrast | show 🗑
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| Photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light | show 🗑
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| Process of adjustment to seeing in the dark | show 🗑
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| The ability to see clearly | show 🗑
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| show | Fovea
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| show | Optic nerve
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| The point at which strands of the optic nerve from half of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain | show 🗑
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| show | Feature detectors
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| The ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far | show 🗑
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| show | Binocular depth cues
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| A binocular depth cue: the way in which the eyes move inward as an object moves closer to you | show 🗑
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| show | Monocular depth cues
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| show | Perceptual constancy
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| show | Similarity
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| The Gestalt tendency to see points or lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path | show 🗑
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| show | Proximity
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| show | Closure
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| Assembling a perceptual experience | show 🗑
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| Perception of the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller elemental features of a stimulus | show 🗑
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| The theory that all color that we experience results from a mixing of three colors of light | show 🗑
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| show | Afterimages
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| The theory that color vision results from cones linked together in three opposing pairs of colors so that activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity in the other | show 🗑
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| The eardrum | show 🗑
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| show | Semicircular canals
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| A bony tube of the inner ear, which is curled like a snail's shell and filled with fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Basilar membrane
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| show | Hair cells
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| The nerve that receives action potentials from the hair cells and transmits auditory information to the brain | show 🗑
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adm2595