Molecular Basis of Cancer I (Chambers)
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| Lecture 54 | Molecular Basis of Cancer I
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| Characteristics of Cancer Cells: | unregulated proliferation, invasion of surrounding normal tissues, and metastasis to more distant parts of body
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| Tumor | Any abnormal proliferation of cells, may be benign or malignant
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| Benign Tumor | Remains confined to its original location
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| Malignant Tumor | Capable of invading surrounding normal tissue or spreading through body by circulatory/lymphatic system
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| Only ___ tumors are proper cancers. | malignant
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| Carcinomas | Cancer of epithelial cells
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| Sarcomas | Cancer of connective tissue and muscle cells
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| Leukemia/Lymphoma | Cancer of blood forming cells and cells of the immune system
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| Glioma/Retinoblastoma | Cancer of central nervous system and eye
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| Cancers have characteristics that reflect their ___. | origin
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| ___ tumors make up the majority of human tumors. | Epithelial
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| Beneath the epithelial cell layer is the ___. | basement membrane (basal lamina);
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| Beneath the basement membrane is the ___. | stroma
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| Most common human cancers are ___. | carcinomas
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| Carcinomas are responsible for >___% of cancer-related deaths in the western world. | >80%
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| ___ carcinomas arise from protective epithelial cells. | Squamous cell
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| Adenocarcinomas arise from specialized epithelial cells that ___. | secrete
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| Common squamous cell carcinomas: | skin, cervix, lung
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| Common adenocarcinomas: | lung, colon, breast, pancrease, prostate, ovary
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| Sarcomas derive from various cell types, including: | fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes
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| Sarcomas account for ___% of tumors encountered in clinics. | 1%
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| Leukemia | Malignant derivatives of blood forming cell lineages, moves freely through blood circulation
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| Lymphomas | Tumors of lymphoid lineages (B-/T-lymphocytes), aggregate to form solid masses, commonly in lymph nodes
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| Neuroectodermal tumors arise from from components in the: | central and peripheral nervous system
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| Neuroectodermal tumors compose ___% of all diagnosed cancers, and is responsible for ___% of cancer-related deaths. | 1.3%, 2.5%
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| Most cancers derive from: | a single abnormal cell
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| Evidence of single-cell origin derived from: | same chromosomal abnormality, same X chromosome inactivated, production of same antibody from malignant B-lymphocytes
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| Development of cancer is a ___ process, where the cells gradually become malignant. | multistep
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| Tumor development involves selection of cells with increased capacity for ___, ___, ___, and ___. | proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis.
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| Carcinogens | Agents that can cause cancer
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| Chemical carcinogens act by: | damaging DNA and introducing mutations
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| ___, ___, and ___ are carcinogens in tobacco smoke, causing 80-90% of lung cancers. | Benzopyrene, dimethylnitrosamine, and nickel compounds
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| Ionizing radiation causdes: | DNA breaks and cross-linking between DNA (introducing mutations)
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| Some viruses introduce ___that can cause cancer. | foreign DNA
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| ___ and ___ virus can liver cancer and cervical cancer, respectively. | Hepatitis and papilloma
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| Ames Test | Asses mutagenic properties of compounds with homogenized rat liver, counts bacterial colonies to determine carcinogenic properties
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| Some carcinogens contribute to cancer progression by stimulating cell ___ (instead of introducing mutations). | proliferation (i.e. hormones likes estrogen)
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| Cancer results from mutations in genes controlling ___. | cell proliferation
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| Two mutational routes for uncontrolled cell proliferation are: | proto-oncogene/oncogene and tumor suppressor gene
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| Oncogene mutation has a dominant effect, requiring: | only 1 copy to be mutated
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| Tumor suppressor gene has a recessive effect, requiring: | both copies to be mutated
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| Most retroviruses contain only three genes: | gag, pol, and env
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| Gag, pol, and env do not induce: | cell transformation
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| Retroviruses that cause cancer have acquired ___. | oncogenes
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| Retroviruses pick up oncogenes by ___. | accident
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| Any gene can be ___ into the retrovirus. | incorporated
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| Incorporation of non-oncogenes into the retrovirus leads to: | nothing (generally)
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| Most oncogenes encode for proteins that stimulate: | growth pathways
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| Many growth factors promote proliferation of cells by inducing ___ expression. | cyclin D
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| Oncogenes signal ___ in absence of extracellular cues. | proliferation
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