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MBC - Lecture 54
Molecular Basis of Cancer I (Chambers)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lecture 54 | Molecular Basis of Cancer I |
| Characteristics of Cancer Cells: | unregulated proliferation, invasion of surrounding normal tissues, and metastasis to more distant parts of body |
| Tumor | Any abnormal proliferation of cells, may be benign or malignant |
| Benign Tumor | Remains confined to its original location |
| Malignant Tumor | Capable of invading surrounding normal tissue or spreading through body by circulatory/lymphatic system |
| Only ___ tumors are proper cancers. | malignant |
| Carcinomas | Cancer of epithelial cells |
| Sarcomas | Cancer of connective tissue and muscle cells |
| Leukemia/Lymphoma | Cancer of blood forming cells and cells of the immune system |
| Glioma/Retinoblastoma | Cancer of central nervous system and eye |
| Cancers have characteristics that reflect their ___. | origin |
| ___ tumors make up the majority of human tumors. | Epithelial |
| Beneath the epithelial cell layer is the ___. | basement membrane (basal lamina); |
| Beneath the basement membrane is the ___. | stroma |
| Most common human cancers are ___. | carcinomas |
| Carcinomas are responsible for >___% of cancer-related deaths in the western world. | >80% |
| ___ carcinomas arise from protective epithelial cells. | Squamous cell |
| Adenocarcinomas arise from specialized epithelial cells that ___. | secrete |
| Common squamous cell carcinomas: | skin, cervix, lung |
| Common adenocarcinomas: | lung, colon, breast, pancrease, prostate, ovary |
| Sarcomas derive from various cell types, including: | fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes |
| Sarcomas account for ___% of tumors encountered in clinics. | 1% |
| Leukemia | Malignant derivatives of blood forming cell lineages, moves freely through blood circulation |
| Lymphomas | Tumors of lymphoid lineages (B-/T-lymphocytes), aggregate to form solid masses, commonly in lymph nodes |
| Neuroectodermal tumors arise from from components in the: | central and peripheral nervous system |
| Neuroectodermal tumors compose ___% of all diagnosed cancers, and is responsible for ___% of cancer-related deaths. | 1.3%, 2.5% |
| Most cancers derive from: | a single abnormal cell |
| Evidence of single-cell origin derived from: | same chromosomal abnormality, same X chromosome inactivated, production of same antibody from malignant B-lymphocytes |
| Development of cancer is a ___ process, where the cells gradually become malignant. | multistep |
| Tumor development involves selection of cells with increased capacity for ___, ___, ___, and ___. | proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. |
| Carcinogens | Agents that can cause cancer |
| Chemical carcinogens act by: | damaging DNA and introducing mutations |
| ___, ___, and ___ are carcinogens in tobacco smoke, causing 80-90% of lung cancers. | Benzopyrene, dimethylnitrosamine, and nickel compounds |
| Ionizing radiation causdes: | DNA breaks and cross-linking between DNA (introducing mutations) |
| Some viruses introduce ___that can cause cancer. | foreign DNA |
| ___ and ___ virus can liver cancer and cervical cancer, respectively. | Hepatitis and papilloma |
| Ames Test | Asses mutagenic properties of compounds with homogenized rat liver, counts bacterial colonies to determine carcinogenic properties |
| Some carcinogens contribute to cancer progression by stimulating cell ___ (instead of introducing mutations). | proliferation (i.e. hormones likes estrogen) |
| Cancer results from mutations in genes controlling ___. | cell proliferation |
| Two mutational routes for uncontrolled cell proliferation are: | proto-oncogene/oncogene and tumor suppressor gene |
| Oncogene mutation has a dominant effect, requiring: | only 1 copy to be mutated |
| Tumor suppressor gene has a recessive effect, requiring: | both copies to be mutated |
| Most retroviruses contain only three genes: | gag, pol, and env |
| Gag, pol, and env do not induce: | cell transformation |
| Retroviruses that cause cancer have acquired ___. | oncogenes |
| Retroviruses pick up oncogenes by ___. | accident |
| Any gene can be ___ into the retrovirus. | incorporated |
| Incorporation of non-oncogenes into the retrovirus leads to: | nothing (generally) |
| Most oncogenes encode for proteins that stimulate: | growth pathways |
| Many growth factors promote proliferation of cells by inducing ___ expression. | cyclin D |
| Oncogenes signal ___ in absence of extracellular cues. | proliferation |
Created by:
emyang
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