Lipid Soluble Vitamins II (Mock)
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| Lecture 48 | Lipid Soluble Vitamins II, Water Soluble Vitamins I;
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| Synthetic form of vitamin K has ___ chains and is ___ potent. | 0 chains, more potent
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| Source of vitamin K are ___ and ___. | dietary and intestinal microbes
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| Vitamin K is absorbed in the ___ and ___. | colon and distal ileum
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| Vitamin K Dependent Carboxylases: | Prothrombin, Factors VII, IX, X
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| Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin contain a unique modified glutamate residue, ___. | γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)
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| Gla residues are formed from newly synthesized factors by ___ in the liver (before secretion). | vitamin K-dependent carboxylase
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| Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase uses both ___ and ___. | O2 and CO2
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| The CO2 is incorporated into the ___ residue at the ___ position. | glutamate residue, γ-position
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| Vitamin K (epoxide) is reduced to vitamin K (quinone) by ___. | vitamin k epoxide reductase
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| Vitamkin K (quinone) is reduced to vitamin KH2 (hydroquinone) by ___. | vitamin k reductase
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| Warfarin (Coumadin) | Vitamin K analog (rat poison), inhibits both vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase, inhibits coagulation
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| Gla is a high affinity ___ chelator. | calcium
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| Gla/calcium complexes allow interaction with ___ membrane lipids, leading to correct protein structures. | acidic
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| Vitamin K deficiency is detected by ___. | prothrombin time
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| Most water soluble vitamins are ___ and cannot be ___. | essential, synthesized
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| Water soluble vitamins are used as ___ for reactions (exceptions are ___ and ___). | coenzymes, (ascorbic acid/vitamin C, biotin)
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| Pathophysiology of water soluble deficient vitamins is result of reduced ___ activity. | enzyme
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| Water soluble vitamin deficiency presents with: | multiple common deficiencies and overlapping findings, challenge is to recognize isolated and multiple deficiencies
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| Water soluble vitamin deficiency is treated by: | complete vitamin supplement, easier than individual testing for deficiency
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| Overlapping findings for water soluble vitamin deficiency: | rapid turnover of cell types, dermatitis/glossitis/cheilitis/diarrhea, impaired energy transduction, peripheral neuropathy, depression/confusion/malaise/lack of coordination
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| Causes of water soluble vitamin deficiency: | vitamins not stored, decreased intake/absorption, increased requirement, decreased precursor
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| General order of appearance in water soluble vitamin deficiency: | decreased blood levels, altered cell function, clinical symptoms, gross anatomical defects
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| Toxicity of water soluble vitamins: | toxicity recapitulates deficiency by enzyme inactivation (exception is biotin and vitamin C since no enzyme)
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| Important reactions involving thiamine pyrophosphate are: | transketolase/transaldolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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| Thiamine pyrophosphate levels can be measured by enzymatic assessment of ___. | RBC transketolase
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| Active form of thiamin is ___. | thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
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| TPP is an ___. | enzyme cofactor
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| Thiamin-ATP Phosphoryltransferase | Catalyzes the formation of TPP
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| Additional phosphorylation yields ___, used in nerve conduction. | thiamin triphosphate (TP3)
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| Thiamine is found in ___. | most foods
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| Thiamin Deficiency | Early manifestations include anorexia/nausea/constipation, later manifestations include depression/peripheral neuropathy/ataxia/opthaloplegia
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| Wenicke-Korsakov’s Psychosis | Thiamine deficiency, especially in chronic alcoholism
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| FMN and FAD are ___ and unable to be synthesized de novo. | essential
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| Complex II (ETC) is ___, a ___ dependent enzyme. | succinate dehydrogenase, flavin
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| Dehydrogenases tend to be ___ or ___ dependent. | FAD or FMN
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| ___ can be used to measure FAD levels. | RBC glutathione reductase
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| Sources of riboflavin are: | warm blooded animals and fish, dairy products, seeds, green leaf vegetables
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| Pellagra (Four D’s) | Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
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| Nicotinamide is synthesized from dietary ___ and ___. | tryptophan and nicotinic acid (niacin)
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| Synthesis of NAD from tryptophan uses ___, ___, and ___. | pyridoxine, riboflavin, and iron
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