chapter 1 part 1
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| Ancient Egyptians compiled lists of drugs known as | Formularies Dispensatories Pharmacopeias
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| Greeks first took a | scientific approach to medicine
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| Pharmacy comes from | the ancient Greek pharmakon, meaning Drug Remedy
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| Hippocrates was | Father of medicine”
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| Hippocrates believed illness was | physical rather than spiritual
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| Hippocrates | Used scientific principles to Identify disease Determine the cause of disease Treat disease
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| Dioscorides (first century A.D.) | Wrote De Materia Medica (On Medical Matters)
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| On Medical Matters | Included information on Herbal remedies Usage Side effects Quantities Dosages Storage
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| expected drug costs | in 2016 the annual cost could reach $500 bill., an 82% from 2006.
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| illnesses in the ancient days | were thought to be caused by demons, magic & prayer were practiced
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| in ancient iraq/iran (mesopotania) | plants, animals,& minerals were listed as medical agents
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| ebers papyrus was | a list written in 1500 b.c. with recipes
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| ancient and today china and india | dispenses herbal supplements like ginseng for energy
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| hippocrates had an oath | the hippocratic oath "do no harm"
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| dioscorides was a greek | physician who served in the roman army during the nero era
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| dioscorrides wrote his book | on the effects and uses of herbs
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| galen was a greek | physician of 130-200 a.d. who was considered the father of pharmacy
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| galen organized | 6 centuries of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and did animal testing.
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| galen's systematic classification of drugs | for nearly a century went unchallenged
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| galenical pharmacy | includes extracting active medicinals from plants as galen did
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| in europe & persian empire | pharm] practices grew in the middle ages
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| the arabic are credited for | drug dosages/formulations (pills, syrups, extracts)
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| the arabic are also credited for | identifying pharmacists as licensed professional
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| the apothecary concept | developed in western europe in the 11th & 12th centuries along with the creation of professional guilds based on the influence of ancient greek & arabic people
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| the guilds maintained | monopoly & control of training & apprenticeship length
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| the pre-state pharmacy boards | were guilds & sparked professional organizations in relation to it.
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| during the renaissance era (1350-1650 a.d.) | the europeans questioned the greek/roman/arabic pharm] practices
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| europe had alchemy | using chemicals, metallurgy, physics, astrological medicine, & spiritual mysticism
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| the alchemist would try to change | common metal to gold and silver
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| in the new wolrd, pharmacists became | chemists as well as botanists because drugs were made of herbs & spices
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| religious orders | ran pharm]s & hospitals
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| monastic facilities | for larger communities & meds for the poor
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| emergence of science& publishing | advanced pharm] practice in 1600's
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| greek/latin classics were learned by | scholars in the scientific revolution of the renaisance period
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| pharmacology & pharmacognosy was prompted by | rudimentary testing & research determining the efficacy of botanical drugs.
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| each major european city had | a pharmacopeia (drug list) which later went nat'l
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| martindales pharmacopeia | is still a well respected drug reference material since 17 cent. great brittain
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| colonial pharmacists | wore other hats (physicians, storekeepers, merchants, & druggist) then the pisitions later divided
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| revisions of u.s. pharmacopeia | 1820 u.s. developed this pharmacopeia
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| the american pharmaceutical association | was organized in 1852 for adulteration of imported drugs & focused on scientific basises
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| the nat'l association of retail druggists | focused more on business
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| drugs today are highly complex with | synthetic chemicals that are efficacious and potentially toxic
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| 3/5 of pharm]s are | community (retail)
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| independently owned pharm]s (especially in the metropolitan area) have | less competition with those of retail
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| 21% of pharm]s are | independent
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| 53% of pharm]s are | chains
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| 12% of pharm]s are | food stores
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| 8% of pharm]s are | long term/clinical
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| 6% of pharm]s are | mail service
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| degrees of retail pharmacists include | bachelor of science & doctor of pharm]
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| chain pharm]s can be | nat'l or regional
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| the administrative decisions in pharm] chains | are made corporately
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| independent pharm]s are | community, owned, or oporated by one or more pharmacists
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| compounding is mostly done at | independent pharmacies and some of those pharmacies have meerged into compounding pharmacies
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| uncommercially available (un)sterile drugs | are prepared at compounding pharm]s
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| pharmacists owners independent pharm]s | decides to practice pharm]
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| a franchise pharm] | is an independent & retail pharm] combined
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| what varies in a franchise pharm] | is the agreements involved
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| franchise grants exclusive use of company's | name/rights to sell products to franchise owner/oporator of store
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| apothecaries are meds that are | commonly health related products and services
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| medicine shoppe internet inc. | is a franchise pharm] owned by cardinal health company
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| crdinal health company is | the largest franchiser of independant pharm] in the u.s.
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| franchise pharm] care is | more personalized than retail competitors
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| mail order pharm] is ran by | centralized operation using automation & pharm] techs to mail large volumes of dispension daily
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| mail order pharm] gets low cost drugs to | the insurance & customers (most insurance companies prefer)
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