Chemistry chapter 12
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| solvent | solution component that determines the state of matter of the solution (present in greatest amount)
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| solute | substance dissolved in solvent
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| molarity | mol solute/volume solution
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| 1 ppm | 1mg/L
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| 1ppb | 1mu g/L
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| 1ppt | 1nano g/L
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| molarity | varies with temperature if temp increases, then molarity decreases
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| molality | mol solute/mass solvent, not temp dependent
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| mole fraction | xi is mol component i/total mols of solution
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| mole percent | mole fractionx100
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| ideal solution | no net energy change and change in volume=0
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| nonideal solution | volume is less than sum of volumes
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| ion-dipole forces | attraction of water dipoles for cations and anions
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| miscible | liquids that mix in all proportions
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| saturated | when equilibrium between undissolved solute and solution, solute has attained its maximum value
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| solubility | concentration of the solute
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| unsaturated | any solution containing less solute than can be held at equilibrium
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| ionic compound solubility | 95% of ionic compounds have solubilities that increase significantly w/increasing temp
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| solubility curve | graph of solubility as function of temperature
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| supersaturated | if a solution can be cooled without crystallization occurring
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| Henry's law | S=kPgas, increasing the pressure of a gas in contact w/saturated solution increases the number of molecules per unit volume in gas
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| colligative properties | properties that depend on # of solute particles present but not on the identity of solute
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| Raoult's law | Psolv=xsolv*Pat temp solv, vapor pressure of the solvent above a solution is the product of the vapor pressure of solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent in solution
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| Raoult's law | strictly followed only in an ideal solution. not limited to the solvent if a solution also contains volatile solutes
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| fractional distillation | use constant pressure and boil a solution in n aparatus that does vaporizations and condenstations at a constant temp.
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| Kf | molal freezing point depression constant and molal
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| Kb | boiling point elevation constant
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| Semipermeable membranes | sheets or films of amaterial containing a network of microscopic holes or pores through which small solvent molecues can pass, but larger solute molecules cannot
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| Osmosis | net flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrance from a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration
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| osmotic pressure | pressure required to stop osmosis
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| pi | osmotic pressure in atm
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| pi=MRT | (blank)
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| isotonic | solution hqving same osmotic pressure as body flluids
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| hypertonic | solution has higher pressure than red blood cells
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| hypotonic | solution has less pressure than red blood cells
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| can't Hoff Factor | (i) used to modify equations for colligative properties by accounting for the presence of ions in solution
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| heterogeneous mixture | sand-water mix
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| colloids | mixtures that lie between true solutions and suspensions
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| colloid | dispersion in an appropriate medium of particles ranging in size from 1 nm to 1000 nm
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| tyndall effect | properties of colloids are diff from true solutions and suspensions. sometimes appear milky/cloudy and scater beams of light passing through them
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| coagulate/precipitate | high concentration of an electrolyte can cause this
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| electrodialysis | process facilitated by the attractions of ions to an electrode having the opposite charge
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