Radiation Protection
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| according to target theory, master molecule can be damaged by which of the following | direct and indirect
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| with regard to radiation exposure which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected | small intestine
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| when oxygen is present the probability of biologic damage does which of the following | increases with low LET
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| those cells that are most sensitive to radiation include which of the following (3) | those that reproduce most quickly and that are most immature, those that have the longest mitotic cycle, those that have the least degree of specialization
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| for radiation protection high LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted ingested injected or inhaled because... | the potential exists for irreparable damage because of multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible
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| what is the chance of master molecules being struck by radiation | same as any other molecule
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| which are classified as high LET radiation | alpha particles, low-energy neutrons
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| which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body | indirect
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| according to target theory where is master molecule located | in the nucleus
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| which molecules in the body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through indirect | water
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| what can result from radiation interfering with cell function by damaging the nucleus | all of above, instant cell death, reproductive death, interference of cell function
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| the most radiosensitive cell | leukocytes
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| most radiosensitive out of liver, urinary system, gonads and nerve cells | gonads
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| a one break effect to a chromosome that doesn't reattach is called | terminal deletion
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| the last most severe stage in ARS involves which of the following | death
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| ionizing radiation over 50Gy (5000Rad) death will result from which of the following | leakage of small blood vessels in brain
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| high doses of ionizing radiation in utero can cause a variety of illnesses and abnormalities; in regard of radiation doses normally used in diagnostic exams; when is the most radiosensitive trimester | 1st trimester is most radiosensitive
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| most radiation induced skeletal abnormalities most frequently occur in an embryo fetus when | weeks 3-20
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| LD 50/30 refers to what | 50% of exposed population will survive after 30 days
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| what is the relationship of radiation and dose in a threshold dose response relationship | radiation response is directly proportional to increased dose
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| what is an extra measure of caution built into diagnostic radiation protection standards | assume biologic response is directly proportional to increased dose
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| about 2/3 of all biologic damage is caused by ___ from radiolysis of water | OH*
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| what is the definition of an early or acute effect of radiation exposure | identifiable biologic response to radiation with in minutes, hours, days or weeks of the exposure
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| how long after whole body exposure to a dose of 1 Gy (100 Rad) does the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome begin? | within hours
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| what type of cancer has increased dramatically in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident | thyroid
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| what is the function of hematopoietic system | manufactures the various types of cells in blood
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| at what dose does hematopoietic syndrome begin | 1 Gy (100 Rad)
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| what generally happens to bone marrow when it is exposed to a radiation dose of less than 1 Gy (100 rad) | short term damage with recovery within a few weeks or months
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| which of the following types of cells develop from single precursor cell the pluropotential stem cell | lymphocytes and granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes and platelets
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| what is the length of time between radiation exposure and death from a cerebrovascular syndrome | from hours up to 2 to 3 days
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| what impact does exposure to ionizing radiation have on naturally occurring genetic effect | radiation exposures increase the likelihood of naturally occurring genetic effects
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| when exposed to radiation as a part of their educational experience 18 year old students should not exceed an effective dose limit of ___ annually | 1 msv (.1rem)
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| the dose response relationship to approximate the biologic response to an ionizing radiation dose in which of the following | linear non threshold dose response relationship
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| cancer and genetic defects are stochastic or nonstochastic effects | stochastic
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| lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as or is probably most likely to be | LD 50/60
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| in a linear or nonlinear threshold dose response relationship which of the following is true of the biologic response to radiation | it may not occur at low doses
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| how long does prodromal stage of ARS last | few hours to several days
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| which of the following is true | biologic damage begins with ionization produced by various types of radiation
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| white blood cells are known as | leukocytes
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| symptoms of manifest stage of GI syndrome | all of the above
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| chromosomal damage can be caused by both low and high radiation dose, true or false | TRUE
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| radiation dose affects mean survival time in what way | as dose increases, mean survival time decreases
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| when cells are damaged by low doses of ionizing radiation what is a common result of the damage | cell repair
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| what is most radiosensitive component of a cell | DNA
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| irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells | bone marrow
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| how can radiation damage to the DNA molecule of a germ cell affect the future generations of an individual | mutations may occur
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| which of the following have an impact on the effect of a cell (3) | the amount of radiation delivered; the rate of radiation delivered; and the oxygenation of a cell
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| which of the following wouldn't occur from a significant exposure to radiation | immunity to radiation damage
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| when radiation exposure causes hemapoietic death what is the main reason why persons die? | bone marrow destruction
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| reddening of the skin due to radiation damage is called what | erythema
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| gastrointestinal syndrome begins at what dose | 6 Gy
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| measurement of the amount of radiation necessary to produce necessary skin reaction called | skin erythema dose
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| prodromal stage occurs with | ARS hematopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, and cerebrovascular syndrom
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| blood cells that help stop blood hemorrhaging | platelet cells
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| most radiosensitive vital organs system in human beings is | hematopoietic
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| embryo fetus sensitivity to radiation | decreases over time
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| what are some measurable late biologic damages | cataracts, leukemia, genetic mutations
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| bone marrow transplants used to help those who are exposed to what dose | 5 Gy (500Rad) of ionizing radiation
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| single radiation exposure of ___ to ovaries or testes will result in temporary sterility | 2 Gy
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| hematopoietic syndrome ranges from what dose levels in rads | 100-1000 rads
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| which statements regarding laws of radio sensitivity (bergonic and Tribondeau) are considered correct | younger tissues are more radiosensitive; mature cells most radio resistant; when metabolic activity increases so is radio sensitivity (all of above)
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| which of the following are radiosensitive | spermatogenia and lymphocytes
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| central nervous system death requires rads of | 5000
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| which is most likely to have longest latency period | malignancy
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| another name for stochastic effects | statistical response
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| least sensitive blood cells | erythrocytes
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| primary long term effects of radiation observed in radium dial painters | bone cancer
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| equivalent dose formula is | absorbed dose times the weighting factor
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| what is the recommended cumulative whole body effective dose equivalent limit | age in yrs x 10 smv (1000mrem)
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| what is recommended NCRP (report no 116) annual effective dose limit for a 40 yr old radiographer | 50 msv
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| radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means | altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA
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| what do atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, marshal islanders and nuclear radiation victims of Chernobyl have in common | some of all groups were exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause ARS
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| which of the following are example of chromosomal two break effects | interstitial deletion and inversion
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| put in order from least sensitive to most sensitive: skin, stomach, liver | stomach, liver, skin
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| what is the dose curve that best estimates risk associated with low dose from low LET | linear quadratic nonthreshold
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| which of the following is most harmful, small dose over long period of time or large dose all at once | large dose to whole body at one time
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| effective dose is calculated by | dose x tissue weighting factor
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| what are stochastic effects (definition) | non threshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes
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| the doubling dose is defined as | the amount of radiation it takes to double the number of spontaneous mutation s if no radiation were given at all
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| characteristics of nonstochastic effects of radiation include (3) | they have predictability; have a threshold; severity is directly related to dose
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| when biologic effects from ionizing radiation demonstrated the existence of a threshold and the severity of that damage increases as a consequence of increased absorbed dose the events are considered | deterministic
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| most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses | less than 0.01 Sv (1 rem)
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| if someone is exposed to a 1 Gy (100rad) whole body dose of ionizing radiation, what will be the result | illness, but death will not normally occur
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| what is the function of the hematopoeitic system | manufacturing the various types of cells in blood
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| most of the information available to researchers of the dose response relationship comes from which of the following | studies of animals
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| damage to DNA would cause what two late effects | genetic defects and malignant disease
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| muller experiemented with fruit flies true or false | TRUE
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| LET is defined as | the rate at which the energy of radiation was transferred to tissue, directly proportional to RBE
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| a response that has a level that is reached below which no effect is observed | threshold
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| is the dose response curve for overall human response to a radiation dose | linear quadratic nonthreshold
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| least likely to occur from low dose | brain necrosis
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| as LET goes up RBE does what | goes up
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| the least likely stage to cause death | promodal
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| symptoms of high doses of radiation | nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
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| death from the hematologic syndrome occurs from what two symptoms | infection and dehydration
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| has the shortest latent period of 6-12 hrs | CNS syndrom
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| form of effect from radiation that causes irratibility of the skin | radiodermatitis
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| accessory structures of the skin (4) | sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous gland and sweat gland
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| skin effects have what type of dose repsonse curve | linear threshold
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| use very low kVp of 10-20 kVp | Grenz rays
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| Oogonia multiply | only in the fetus
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| this type of aberrations are not very detectable | single aberration
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| radiation doses in the early days were determined by what type of testing | blood tests
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| stochastic effects do or do not exhibit a threshold | do not exhibit a threshold
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| which organ is the most sensitive between the breast, thyroid, liver, colon, lung | liver
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| which is most damaging | lethality
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| cancer cells differ from normal cells in what two ways | an incrased amount of chromatin, an incrased ration of nuclear material to cytoplasm
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| the weakest area of understanding | genetics
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| the most devastating respnse to radiation is | death
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| the series of events that follow a large radiation exposure and always leads to death is called | acute radiation lethality
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| the ___ is the term used to describe the clinical expression of organ damage | manifest illness
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| medium doses of radiation cause erythema depending on these three things... | individual's radiosensitivity; dose rate; and size of field irradiated
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| the preferred methods of expressing the risk of cancer induction from radiation exposures are | absolute and relative risks
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| the branch of medicine dealing with the distribution and determinants of a disease ina population is called | epidermiological studies
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| what is a type of radiation damage associated with the eyes | cataracts
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| the dose for temporary sterility in either sex is | 200 rad
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| it is hard to associate a certain late response with a previous radiation exposure history, which is not a risk estimate...absolute risk, observed risk or relative risk | observed risk
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| the last atomic bomb, the bomb that ended WWII was | the bomb at Nagasaki
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| leukemia follows what type of dose relationship curve | linear quadratic non-threshold curve
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| based on data from the Abomb survivors, the laten period for leukemia was | 5-7 years
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| what is the main cause of the incrase in leukemia for radiologists in the 20s - 40s | lack of radiation protection methods
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| skin effects follow a ___dose response relationship | linear threshold
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| ___'s genetic effect study on mice determined that doses administered over a long period showed less effecgts genetically than 1 large dose | Russell
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| which cancer appears to have a threshold | skin cancer
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